INDEX construction

A compound index constructed by these principles tells whether a given compound is present. It cannot provide information about compound classes, for example, all aluminum derivatives or all compounds containing phosphorus. 

With the carefully purified components mixtures are prepared in the range of 5 to 95% (wt), their refractive indices are measured and a calibration curve ( -% wt) is plotted. If desired, the number of stages required with v = oo for a series of enrichments may be calculated by means of the Fenske equation (114), and a chart for these values (Fig. 71) against the refractive index constructed. From this chart the number of stages may be read off directly after taking samples and determining the refractive indexes. 

It is now well established that clinically euthyroid patients who have abnormalities in the serum Ti-binding proteins also have abnormalities in the serum total T4 level and in Tg resin uptake. Taking the example of the oral contraceptives, TBG is increased, but the abnormalities in total T4 and Tg uptake diverge in opposite directions—i.e., total T4 is elevated and Tg uptake is depressed. Clark and Horn (C17) took advantage of the inverse nature of these abnormalities and devised a free thyroxine index (FTI) from the mathematical product of FBI and Tg uptake, basing this on a similar index constructed from the measurement of the uptake of Tg by red blood cells (012). The theoretical considerations underlying the FTI are as follows (C17) ... 

ZengG, Tian Y Z, Zhao H, et al. Analysis on the Environment and Synthesis Factors Affecting the PMV Index. Construction Conserves Energy, 2007, (3) 11. 

Diamantopoulos, A. and Winldhofer, H. M. (2001], "Index construction with formative indicators An alternative to scale development" Journal of Marketing Research, 38 (2], 269-77. 

The most typically used azo dyes (Color Index Construction Number) are ... 

In order to maintain high energy efficiency and ensure a long service life of the materials of construction in the combustion chamber, turbine and jet nozzle, a clean burning flame must be obtained that minimizes the heat exchange by radiation and limits the formation of carbon deposits. These qualities are determined by two procedures that determine respectively the smoke point and the luminometer index. 

For a free electron gas, it is possible to evaluate the Flartree-Fock exchange energy directly [3, 16]. The Slater detemiinant is constructed using ftee electron orbitals. Each orbital is labelled by a k and a spin index. The Coulomb... 

Cost Indices The value of money will change because of inflation and deflation. Hence cost data can be accurate only at the time when they are obtained and soon go out of date. Data from cost records of equipment and projects purchased in the past may be converted to present-day values by means of a cost index. The present cost of the item is found by multiplying the historical cost by the ratio of the present cost index divided oy the index applicable at the previous date. Ideally each cost item affected by inflation should be forecast separately. Labor costs, construction costs, raw-materials and energy prices, and product prices all change at different rates. Composite indices are derived by adding weighted fractions of the component indices. Most cost indices represent national averages, and local values may differ considerably. 

Table 9-42 presents information on some cost indices for the United States. Engineering News-Record updates its construction-cost index in March, June, September, and December. The Oil and Gas Journal gives the Nelson-Farrar refinery indices in the first issue of each quarter. The Chemical Engineering plant-cost index and Marshall and Swift equipment-cost index are given in each issue of the pubhcation Chemical Engineering. Derivation of the base values is referred to in the respective publications. 

Typical methods are those of F. C. Zevnik and R. L. Buchanan [Chem. Eng. Progi , 59, 70-77 (Feb. 1963)] and J. H. Taylor Eng. 6-Proc. Econ., 2, 259-267, 1977). The former is mainly a graphical method of estimating the cost per functional unit (Cp) based on the capacity, the maximum pressure, the maximum temperature, and the materials of construction. The Taylor method requires the determination of the costliness index, which is dependent on the complexity of the process. A simpler method was suggested by S. R. Timms (M.Phil. thesis, Aston University, England, 1980) to give the battery hmits cost for gas phase processes only in U.S. dollars with a Marshall and Swift index of 1000. The simple equation is... 

The usual estimating technique is to collect equipment pricing information from other projects and correlate this data by size, weight, pressure rating, and/or materials of construction. Each piece must be adjusted for inflation to bring all costs to one base time. Adjusting costs for inflation is discussed later under the heading, " Construction Cost Indexes. ... 

Several sources (References 19. 20, 21, and 22) are available for estimating pumps and drivers to check in-house coiTelations or to fill in w here data is not available. Care must be exercised in using construction cost indexes to update the literature data. It would be w ise to calibrate the indexes and literature data by getting vendor prices on a few of the larger, more expensive pumps, and 5% or 10% of the common types of pumps in the project being estimated. 

Index (Reference 27) Engineering News Record (ENR) Construction Index (Reference 28) Marshal and Stevens Equipment Index (Reference 29) and Chemical Engineering Plant Index (Reference 29). 

Once the cost of each piece of major equipment is known, it must be adjusted by construction cost indexes. Due to inflation and changing competitive situations, the price of equipment changes from year to year (Reference 26). Fortunately, there are several indexes that help in estimating today s costs based on historical data. Some of these indexes are Nelson Refinery Construction Cost... 

Nelson Construction and Operating Cost Indexes, Oil and Gas Journal, First issue each month. 

Four column systems are available from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech that can be used to pack SEC media for various applications at the laboratory scale. These include C, XK, SR, and HR column systems. All of the laboratory-scale columns are constructed with borosilicate glass tubes. Columns for larger scale process applications include INdEX, BPG, EineLINE, BPSS, and Stack columns. The larger scale columns are constructed to meet stringent validation requirements for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Each of the column types are described. 

A third parameter to consider is the column construction. Thus the sample applicator should provide optimal sample application to give the most performance possible out of the packed bed. Constructions should also allow simple, fast, and reproducible packing of the column. Because costs for repacking of columns are a substantial operating cost item in industrial chromatography, the selection of column construction from this point of view is also important. Some novel column constructions allow very simple procedures both for laboratory and for industrial scale (e.g., INdEX columns, see Section V). 

FIGURE 16.17 Nonbranched/long chain branched glucans of potato starch dissolved in hot water-steam and 0.1 M NaOH 1.2 ml of the 18-mg/ml solution was separated on Sephacryl S-1000 (95 X 1.6 cm) 3-ml fractions were collected for further analysis normalized (area = 1.0) eluogram profiles (ev) constructed from an off-line determined mass of carbohydrates for each of the fractions branching index ( ) determined from iodine-complexing potential of individual 3-ml fractions flow rate 0.40 ml/ min V ,i = 75 ml, Vtot = 162 ml eluent 0.005 tA NaOH. 

Nelson Refinery Construction Index, Oil Gas Jcmrnal. Published on specific schedules during year. 

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