Calculations and Report

Gather the information given by the instrument and compare graphs, median size, and any other details about the analysis provided by the instrument, with the corresponding values previously determined using the Andreasen Pipette method. Compare results, also, with data from a literature search and present a written report, including a thoughtful discussion on the comparative aspects mentioned. 

Table 2.11 shows values of the unconfined yield strength against consolidating stress for two industrial powders. Determine their cohesiveness. 

Calculate the median size of a given grain flour whose results after a sieving test are given in Table 2.12. 

A catalyst to be used in a series of processes has been analyzed. Results of such analysis are presented in Table 2.13. Derive the yield locus for the catalyst, including the appropriate Mohr circle, and report the failure properties that can be read from the drawn yield locus. 

Tabulated data resulting from a screening test of three samples of flour are given in Table 2.14. Following a systematic procedure, determine the particle median size for every one of the flours. 

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Sample size is 100 ml and distillation conditions are specified according to the type of sample. Temperature and volume of condensate are taken simultaneously and the test results are calculated and reported as boiling temperature as a function of the volume recovered as shown in Table 2.1. 

There is a temptation when analyzing data to plug numbers into an equation, carry out the calculation, and report the result. This is never a good idea, and you should develop the habit of constantly reviewing and evaluating your data. For example, if analyzing five samples gives an analyte s mean concentration as 0.67 ppm with a standard deviation of 0.64 ppm, then the 95% confidence interval is... 

If both frequency and consequence values are calculated and reported on an absolute basis, then they may be reported graphically in combination with one another (Chapter 3), or simply as the product of frequency and consequence. Table 5 contains some examples of typical risk estimates (frequency and consequence products). Based on absolute risk estimates, you can decide whether the risk of a specific activity exceeds your threshold of risk tolerance (risk goal). If so, analysts can estimate the reduction in risk, given that certain improvements are made, assumptions changed, or operating circumstances eliminated. 

Data Source. The correlation constants were determined from a least-squares fit of data from the literature.-- - In most cases, average deviations between calculated and reported data were less than 0.6kjoules/g-mol. 

An integrated package that creates air pollution permits, calculates and reports on emission inventory information and individual air pollution incidents. 

If no detectable residues were present, the value used for risk assessment purposes would be 0.05 mg kg This would allow only four uses with no detectable residues and even fewer uses where residues were present. If an appropriate LOD and LOQ had been calculated and reported as follows ... 

The OPMBS used a custom-written spreadsheet application, i.e., a workbook, in conjunction with laboratory automation systems to standardize data recording, calculations, and presentation of results. Devising this approach required careful differentiation between (a) the workbook used to calculate and report the results and (b) the data acquisition systems used in each laboratory. The laboratory systems were used to collect the raw chromatographic data, but the calculation modules in the laboratory systems were not used. Instead, all calculations were done in the workbook. Use of the laboratory systems to collate and output the final results was considered but was rejected for two reasons. First, different laboratories used different systems, and some laboratories used more than one system. The output characteristics of the various systems differed considerably and would have required extensive modification... 

The amounts of sulfentrazone, SCA (analyzed as DMS), and HMS were quantitated by an external standard calibration method. A computer spreadsheet program (Microsoft Excel) was used for calculation and reporting. 

It is unfortunate, especially where great care has been taken in gathering the data, if mistakes are then made during the reporting process which renders the effort wasted. The calculation and reporting processes are made easier if the data are recorded in a clear manner in the first place. The need for checking data from first principles cannot be over emphasized. Once the final answers have been obtained and any additional conclusions or opinions reached, a report can be compiled from the information for communication to the customer. 

The strategy for analyzing a bulk system for the identity or quantity of an analyte involves the five steps that were summarized in Figure 1.1. These were 1) obtain a sample of the bulk system, 2) prepare this sample for the analytical method to be used, 3) execute the method chosen for the analysis, 4) work the data, and 5) calculate and report the results. A great deal of detail is presented in this book, and in other books, concerning step 3. The reason for this is the large variety of methods that are available and routinely used. Each of these methods must be studied separately and in detail if we are to understand specifically how each one produces the result that is sought. 

The mineral particles and ash that remain after the ignition of a sample as described above may be important to calculate and report. The mineral and ash are known as the residue. In pharmaceutical... 

Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you have a constant weight (successive weights agreeing to within 0.001 g). Calculate and report the loss on drying as a percentage. Store your sample in your desiccator if the experiment that utilizes this material (Experiment 6,7, or 8) is to be performed. 

With the wet chemical methods and methods involving physical properties now behind us, we begin a thorough discussion of the methods, data handling, and calculation and reporting of results relating to instrumental analysis. 

Obtain the sample, 2) prepare the sample, 3) carry out the analysis method, 4) work the data, and 5) calculate and report the results. 

ASME PTC 50 ASME Performance Test Code 50 - Fuel Cell Power Systems provides test procedures, methods and definitions for the performance characterization of fuel cell power systems. The code specifies the methods and procedures for conducting and reporting fuel cell system ratings. Specific methods of testing, instrumentation, techniques, calculations and reporting are presented. This standard is currently being drafted and is expected to be approved and published in 2002. 

The RRF is calculated and reported. For impurities for which no authentic reference material is available and for unknown peaks, the RRF is assumed to be 1.00. 

Laboratory results may be reported on an as received by volume basis or dry matter by mass basis, depending on whether the sample is considered to be a solid or a liquid. Samples >10% DM are generally treated as solids, and <10% DM as liquids. However, there are frequently exceptions to this rule, e.g. some fibrous samples <10% DM are difficult to pipette, so are analysed on a weight basis, but reported on a volume basis. Some customers can pump thick samples with >10% DM, so need the fertilizer values reported as liquids on a volume basis. Routine determination of density values facilitates calculation and reporting of fertilizer values in either mass or volume units. 

Similar quantities were calculated and reported for the (H20)2 and the (HF)2 molecules (both SM- and CP-systems) in ref 4. The change in the kinetic energy... 

Consider each of the elements in the calculation and reporting of that calculation in turn ... 

Historically, data collection and manipulation were effected by means of analogue meters, chart recorders, digital displays and paper print-outs. However, the advent of the microcomputer now allows data to be stored electronically, calibrations performed and concentrations calculated and reported on a user-defined form. 

Manpower savings may result particularly in the areas of instrument supervision (monitoring and perhaps adjusting the chromatograph), calculation and report preparation. 

Zeolite catalysts may also be regarded as mixed oxides, but the crystallographic structures differ from the solids discussed above in that active sites for catalysis occur within the open lattice framework. In consequence, rate data are not directly comparable with similar observations for other heterogeneous reactions since the preexponential factors are calculated and reported on a different basis. For completeness, however, it is appropriate to mention here that instances of compensation behavior on zeolite catalysts are known. Taylor and Walker (282) described such an effect for the decomposition reactions of formic acid and of methyl forma te on cation-exchanged 13X molecular sieves, and comparable trends may be found in data reported for reactions of propene on similar catalysts (283). 

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