Tropical water

Aragonite. Calcium carbonate is a common deposit in shallow tropical waters as a constituent of muds, or in the upper part of coral reefs where it precipitates from carbon dioxide-rich waters supersaturated with carbonate from intense biological photosynthesis and solar heating. Deposits of ooHtic aragonite, CaCO, extending over 250,000 km in water less than 5 m deep ate mined for industrial purposes in the Bahamas for export to the United States (19). 

A large proportion (30-90% in tropical waters) is absorbed by bacteria and oxidized to FfjS in order to allow the sulfur to be used by these organisms. Once in the atmosphere, DMS is oxidized by various free radicals such as hydroxyl and nitrate ions. In the presence of low concentrations of NO the hydroxyl reaction... 

Oxygen solubility decreases almost linearly with increasing temperature but the diffusion rate increases exponentially. This leads to a slight increase in corrosion rate with increasing temperature although in Eq. (4-6) the factor is assumed to be greater. For this reason an increase in corrosion rate of about 1.5 times is considered in tropical waters compared with the North Atlantic. 

Alexander for corrosion rates of copper and aluminium in tropical waters compared with those obtained around the British Isles suggests that the corrosion rate increases by a factor of two for every 10° C rise in temperature. 

The sub-phyllum Anthozoa (6,500 species) contains the classes Alcyonaria (soft corals, sea fans, sea pens, sea pansies), Zoantharia (sea anemones and true corals), and Ceriantipatharia. The Scleroactinia (Madreporaria-true or stony corals) build the massive coral reefs and atolls which occur in tropical waters. According to Hashimoto (75), toxicity to humans is mainly found in the fire or stinging corals (Millepora sp.) and, to a lesser extent, in the stony corals (Goniopora sp.). 

C05-0098. In the tropics, water will condense in human lungs when the temperature and relative humidity are too high. Using Table 5-4. estimate the vapor pressure of water at body temperature of 37 °C. If atmospheric temperature is 40 °C, at what relative humidity does this life-threatening process... 

Sargassum S. fllipendula Widespread in temperate and tropical waters. Atlantic Is., North America, Caribbean Is., South America, Africa, South-west Asia, and South-east Asia... 

The range of climatic conditions, from tropical waters to cold arctic ocean, shallow continental shelves to great ocean depths with high pressure and low oxygen content, means that there is a potentially huge supply of life forms with extensive biodiversity. 

Isobe KO, Tarao M, Zakaria MP, Chiem NH, Minh LY, Takada H, Quantitative application of fecal sterols using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate fecal pollution in tropical waters Western Malaysia and Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Environ Sci Technol 36 4497—4507, 2002. 

In our program to provide consumers with safe, high quality products and respond to critical national and international needs to eliminate major impediments to expanding markets, a primary seafood utilization issue is the area of marine toxins that continue to present serious economic problems to the fishing industry and impact consumers. Ciguatera is one of the most treacherous and common forms of seafood poisoning in tropical waters. Also, sporadic outbreaks of PSP in shellfish from most of the major growing areas of North America... 

The expansion of marine fisheries into tropical waters has increased the risks of widespread human intoxications in temperate latitudes. This situation has been facilitated by increased travel, rapid transport of food stuffs, and improved refrigeration facilities. 

Paralytic shellfish toxins in the dinoflagellate ProtogonyauZax =Gonyaulax) spp. and bivalves of temperate waters have been the subjects of extensive studies. In contrast, information on the occurrence of these toxins in tropical waters has been scarce. 

In this paper we summarize our recent findings on paralytic shellfish toxins in tropical waters (8-15) with new assignment of a component previously unreported. It includes the confirmation of paralytic shellfish toxins in the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense war, aompressa and bivalver exposed to the organism (, with structural elucidation of three components (9,1 ). The detailed analyses of the toxin composition of crabs (11-13) and marine snails (13,14) and confirmation of a calcareous red alga Jania sp. as the primary source of the toxins ( 15) are also described. 

OSHIMA ET AL. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Tropical Waters... 

As he describes, pufferfishes are mostly toxic, irrespective of the species, tissue and the season of catch. In addition, the toxic potency widely differs even among specimens of the same species by one catch. The muscle of pufferfish from temperate waters is believed to be little or nontoxic, but that from tropical waters to be toxic. Several persons were killed by ingestion of the flesh of the pufferfish caught off Vietnam in 1959 ( ). This pufferfish was later identified as Lagocephalus lunaris lunaris. It has recently been... 

Cone snails are found in tropical waters, often in the neighborhood of coral reefs. These molluscs produce a complex venom delivered through a specialized radular tooth that serves as a harpoon to immobilize their prey (Olivera et al., 1990 1991). Complete immobilisation of the prey takes only a few seconds (Terlau et al., 1996). The venom from a single cone snail can contain up to 200 different biologically-active components (review Shen et al., 2000). The primary structure of the naturally-occurring co-conopeptides derived from several species of Conus are... 

Nutrient-rich water tends to be murky. Why does tropical water tend to be so clear ... 

In tropical regions, surface waters never get cold enough to sink to the bottom of the ocean to initiate the process of upwelling (see previous exercise). Without upwelling, tropical waters tend to remain clear. 

Cylindrospermopsin has also been isolated from Umezakia natans and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Algal blooms that produce cylindrospermopsin are widespread in tropical waters where occurrences of gastro-... 

Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1979). Ecological aspects of seasonality in fishes of tropical waters. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 44,327—359. 

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