Seafood poisoning

YASUMOTO MURATA Polyether Toxins Involved in Seafood Poisoning... 

AZP, the most-recently characterized marine seafood poisoning, is associated with eating shellfish contaminated with azaspiracids. The first human intoxications attributed to AZP occurred in the Netherlands, and the symptoms included those similar to DSP (i.e., nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea, and stomach cramps). However, although chemical analyses did not identify significant levels of the diarrhetic shellfish poisons, they identified a new class of toxins (James et ah, 2003a). 

Baden, D. and Trainer, V.L., Mode of action of toxins of seafood poisoning, in Falconer, I.R., ed., Algal Toxins in Seafood and Drinking Water, Academic Press, San Diego, 1993. 

Bl5dhe, D.G., The medical management of seafood poisoning, in Hui, Kits and Stanfield, eds.. Seafood and Environmental Toxins, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001. 

In our program to provide consumers with safe, high quality products and respond to critical national and international needs to eliminate major impediments to expanding markets, a primary seafood utilization issue is the area of marine toxins that continue to present serious economic problems to the fishing industry and impact consumers. Ciguatera is one of the most treacherous and common forms of seafood poisoning in tropical waters. Also, sporadic outbreaks of PSP in shellfish from most of the major growing areas of North America... 

To discover mechanisms of toxicity and to develop effective safe antidotes for the treatment of victims of seafood poisoning, and... 

Cyanobacterial toxins (both marine and freshwater) are functionally and chemically a diverse group of secondary chemicals. They show structure and function similarities to higher plant and algal toxins. Of particular importance to this publication is the production of toxins which appear to be identical with saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin. Since these are the primary toxins involved in cases of paralytic shellfish poisons, these aphantoxins could be a source of PSP standards and the study of their production by Aphanizomenon can provide information on the biosynthesis of PSP s. The cyanobacteria toxins have not received extensive attention since they have fewer vectors by which they come in contact with humans. As freshwater supplies become more eutrophicated and as cyanobacteria are increasingly used as a source of single cell protein toxic cyanobacteria will have increased importance (39). The study of these cyanobacterial toxins can contribute to a better understanding of seafood poisons. 

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) was first identified in 1511, CFP is a tropical-subtropical seafood poisoning that affects up to 50,000 people each year and is the most often reported foodbome disease of a chemical origin in the United States. Caused by consumption of reef fishes (e.g., grouper, snapper), sickness in... 

Domoic acid had never been known to be a causative agent of seafood poisoning until 1987 when an outbreak of serious poisoning with blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) occurred in Canada. 

Saxitoxin (STX) is a potent neurotoxin that can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Produced by certain strains of dinoflagellates, saxitoxin leads to the contamination of commercial shellfish and cause severe outbreaks of seafood poisoning. The public health problems caused by these outbreaks have led to significant interest in the development of analytical methods for the analysis of saxitoxin in environmental and biological samples. Saxitoxin is also one of a series of several closely related... 

Ciguatera is the most famous seafood poisoning prevalent in circumtropical areas (Scheuer 1994). Its effects to human health and economic impacts are serious problems in those areas. The clinical symptoms are diverse. Neurological disturbances are prominent reversal of thermal sensation, called dry ice sensation, is one of the most characteristic symptoms of ciguatera. Other illnesses include joint pain, miosis, erethism, cyanosis, and prostration. 

Draisci, R., Lucentini, L., Giannetti, L., Boria, R, and Poletti, R. 1996. First report of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) in algae Dinophysis forth) related to seafood poisoning in Europe. Toxicon 34,923-935. 

Yasumoto, T, and Murata, M. 1990. Polyether toxins involved in seafood poisoning, la Marine Toxins Origin, Structure and Molecular Physiology, vol. 418, ed. Hall, S., and Strichartz, G. ACS Washington, DC ACS, 120-132. 

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