British Isles

Before the invention of the Bessemer process for steelmaking in 1856, only the cementation and cmcible processes were of any industrial importance. Although both of the latter processes had been known in the ancient world, thek practice seems to have been abandoned in Europe before the Middle Ages. The cementation process was revived in Belgium around 1600, whereas the cmcible process was rediscovered in the British Isles in 1740. 

Alexander for corrosion rates of copper and aluminium in tropical waters compared with those obtained around the British Isles suggests that the corrosion rate increases by a factor of two for every 10° C rise in temperature. 

Min. of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Atlas of the Seas Around the British Isles, HMSO ISBN 0 907545 00 9(1981)... 

The relative aggressivity of industrial, marine and rural conditions has been clearly demonstrated by the results of seven year tests in the U.S.A. and British Isles , and in this work the benefit from rain washing was especially manifest for the industrial sites in the British Isles (Fig. 4.3). 

The general corrosion rate of zinc and zinc alloys in practice often have been shown to be much less than in simulated conditions this is because many naturally occurring substances act as inhibitors. Figure 4.42 is a good example of this. The diagram is valuable for the qualitative relationship between acid, neutral and alkaline conditions but, in practice, the corrosion rates are usually very much lower than indicated by the pH because of the effect of other dissolved constituents and the barrier effect of corrosion products. Seawater around the British Isles is much less corrosive to zinc than tropical seawater. 

Russell, F. S. (1953). The Medusae of the British Isles, Vol. I Anthome-dusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trcchymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, London. 

Dodge, J. D. In Marine Dinoflagellates of the British Isles Her Majesty s Stationary Office London, 182 p 108. 

The next example involves a recent study of essential oil polymorphism in Thymus praecox Opiz subsp. arcticus (E. Durand) Jalas (syn. T. drucei Ronn.) on the British Isles (Schmidt et al., 2004). More than 700 specimens of the plant were collected in Ireland, Scotland, and southern England and subjected to gas chromatographic analysis (coupled with mass spectroscopy). Sixty-nine constituents were identified, the majority of which were mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Analysis of the data revealed a highly polymorphic assemblage with 13 chemotypes in Scotland, 11 in Ireland, and 17 in the south of England. Polymorphism seems to... 

Birks, H. J. B. 1989. Holocene isochrone maps of tree spreading in the British Isles. J. Biogeography 18 103-115. 

Schmidt, A., Bischof-Deichnik, C. and Stahl-Biskup, E. 2004. Essential oil polymorphism of Thymuspraecox subsp. arcticus on the British Isles. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 32 409 21. 

Figure 16. Probability density function of compilations of alpha-spectrometric U-series ages for central and western Europe (Hercmann 2000), British Isles (Gordon et al. 1989) and Norway (Lauritzen 1991, 1993) (redrawn from Hercmann 2000).

Tylecote, R. R (1986), The Prehistory of Metallurgy in the British Isles, Institute of Metals, London. 

In order to describe the uses of explosives in coal mining, it is first necessary to give a brief outline of the method of mining usually adopted in the British Isles. This is known as the long wall system. 

In a grueling challenge, a gourmet must visit each of the n locations in the British Isles in which a two- or three-starred Michelin restaurant is to be... 

A possible (nonoptimum) tour of some two- and three-starred Michelin restaurants in the British Isles. 

Blenkinsop S, Fowler FIJ (2007) Changes in drought frequency, severity and duration for the British Isles projected by the PRUDENCE regional climate models. J Hydrol 342 50-71. doi 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.05.003... 

Preston, A., D.F. Jeffries, J.W.R. Dutton, B.R. Harvey, and A.K. Steele. 1972. British isles coastal waters the concentrations of selected heavy metals in sea water, suspended matter and biological indicators — a pilot survey. Environ. Pollut. 3 69-82. 

Gray seal, Halichoerus grypus British Isles and vicinity 1988-89 ... 

Harbour seal, Phoca vitutina, British Isles 1988-89 liver 7-21 FW 82... 

Law, R.J., C.F. Fileman, A.D. Hopkins, J.R. Baker, J. Harwood, D.B. Jackson, S. Kennedy, A.R. Martin, and RJ. Morris. 1991. Concentrations of trace metals in the livers of marine mammals (seals, porpoises and dolphins) from waters around the British Isles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 22 183-191. 

British Isles 8 species 1988-89 livers All values below detection limit of 0.5 FW 65... 

Pollard, A.M., Thomas, R.G. and Williams, P.A. (1990). Experimental smelting of arsenical copper ores implications for Early Bronze Age copper production. In Early Mining in the British Isles, ed. Crew S. and Crew P., Occasional Paper No. 1, Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre, Gwynedd, pp. 72-74. 

Darling, W.G., Bath, A.H. and Talbot, J.C. (2003). The O and H stable isotopic composition of fresh waters in the British Isles 2, surface and groundwaters. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7 183-195. 

FIGURE 1.1 In Glasgow, Scotland, and other cities throughout the British Isles, evidence of former air pollution from the burning of coal for heat in the late 19th century can still be observed on many stone buildings. 

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