Reefs coral

Aragonite. Calcium carbonate is a common deposit in shallow tropical waters as a constituent of muds, or in the upper part of coral reefs where it precipitates from carbon dioxide-rich waters supersaturated with carbonate from intense biological photosynthesis and solar heating. Deposits of ooHtic aragonite, CaCO, extending over 250,000 km in water less than 5 m deep ate mined for industrial purposes in the Bahamas for export to the United States (19). 

Thorium isotope concentrations and ratios, as well as parent and daughter isotope concentrations, are used to date and study the formation and metamorphosis of rocks and sediments. For example, has been used to date coral reef terraces (4). / Th disequiUbria and Th/ Th... 

Besides readings of Earth s surface temperatures taken with standard glass thermometers, direct readings of atmospheric temperatures have been taken with satellites and weather balloons. In addition to direct measurements of Earth s recent temperatures, proxy measurements of temperatures from farther in the past can be derived from borehole temperature measurements, from historical and physical evidence regarding the e xtent and mass of land and sea ice, and from the bleaching of coral reefs. 

Coral reef. Dolomite. Fractured shales. Lost Circulation. Withdraw tooU slowly to prevent swabbing action. 

Keegan, W.F. and DeNiro, M.J. 1988 Stable carbon- and nitrogen- isotope ratios of bone collagen used to study coral-reef and terrestrial components of prehistoric Bahamian diet. American Antiquity 53 320-336. 

The sub-phyllum Anthozoa (6,500 species) contains the classes Alcyonaria (soft corals, sea fans, sea pens, sea pansies), Zoantharia (sea anemones and true corals), and Ceriantipatharia. The Scleroactinia (Madreporaria-true or stony corals) build the massive coral reefs and atolls which occur in tropical waters. According to Hashimoto (75), toxicity to humans is mainly found in the fire or stinging corals (Millepora sp.) and, to a lesser extent, in the stony corals (Goniopora sp.). 

Chen JH, Curran HA, White B, Wasserbmg GJ (1991) Precise chronology of the last interglacial period 238 j/23o-pjj fossil coral reefs in the Bahamas. Geol Soc Amer Bull 103 82-97... 

Gvirtzman G, Friedman GM, Miller DS (1973) Control and distribution of uranium in coral reefs during diagenesis. J Sed Petrol 43 985-997... 

Dove SG, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Ranganathan S (2001) Major colour patterns of reef-building corals are due to a family of GFP-like proteins. Coral Reefs 19 197-204... 

In contrast to our sparse knowledge about the action of chemicals as defense in plankton, the identified metabolites with defined defensive activities from benthic organisms are numerous. Nearly every habitat from the Antarctic [94] to coral reefs [95] has been extensively investigated - often motivated by the... 

Slattery M, Hines GA, Starmer J, PaulVJ (1999) Coral Reefs 18 75... 

In addition to climate change, the increased atmospheric concentration of C02 is likely to have wide-spread ecological effects in various environments, since C02 is a physiologically active gas, in plants as well as animals. The acidic nature of C02 will also lead to changes in the chemistry of the ocean s surface, which is in equilibrium with the atmosphere. Once the shift in the oceanic chemical balance becomes significant, it will affect ecosystems. It has been shown, for example, that doubling C02 concentration in the atmosphere will reduce the rate of calcium carbonate deposition in coral reefs by 30-40% (Langdon et al., 2000). 

Langdon, C., Takahashi, T., Sweeney, C., Chipman, D., Goddard, J., Marubini, F., Aceves, H., Barnett, H., and Atkinson, M.J., Effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental coral reef, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 639-654,2000. 

Glynn, P.W., A.M. Szmant, E.F. Corcoran, and S.V. Cofer-Shabica. 1989. Condition of coral reef cnidarians from the northern Florida reef tract pesticides, heavy metals, and histopathological examination. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 20 568-576. 

Gorbman, A. and M.S. James. 1963. An exploratory study of radiation damage in the thyroids of coral reef fishes from the Eniwetok Atoll. Pages 385-399 in V. Schultz and A.W. Klement, Jr. (eds.). Radioecology. Reinhold, New York. 

Hughes, T., Catastrophes, phase-shifts and large scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef, Science, 265, 1547, 1994. 

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