Snails marine

Terrestrial (land) snails Marine snails Whelks Conches Bivalves Clams Oysters Mussels Scallops Cockles Cephalopods Squids Octopuses Cuttlefishes... 

In Mollusca, bioluminescence occurs in a great variety of organisms having distinctly different appearances, such as the classes Gastropoda (limpets, snails and sea hares), Bivalvia (clams), and Cephalopoda (squids and octopuses). All luminous molluscs currently known are marine organisms, except the New Zealand fresh water limpet Latia neritoides and the Malaysian land snail Quantula (Dyakia) striata. No information is yet available on the biochemical aspects of the Quantula luminescence. 

Haneda, Y. (1958). Studies on luminescence in marine snails. Pacific Science 12 152-156. 

Conotoxins are the venoms of the marine cone snails. The >500 Conus species produce >10,000 different toxins. All are cysteine-rich peptides of 10-30 amino... 

Oberdorster, E. and McClellan-Green, P. (2002). Mechanisms of imposex induction in the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta TBT as a neurotoxin and aromatase inhibitor. Marine Environmental Research 54, 715-718. 

Copper compounds are used routinely and widely to control freshwater snails that serve as intermediate vectors of schistosomiasis and other diseases that afflict humans (Hasler 1949 NAS 1977 Rowe and Prince 1983 Winger etal. 1984 Al-Sabri etal. 1993). These compounds include copper sulfate, copper pentachlorophenate, copper carbonate, copper-tartaric acid, Paris green (copper arsenite-acetate), copper oxide, copper chloride, copper acetyl acetonate, copper dimethyl dithiocar-bamate, copper ricinoleate, and copper rosinate (Cheng 1979). Also, many species of oyster enemies are controlled by copper sulfate dips. All tested species of marine gastropods, tunicates, echinoderms, and crabs that had been dipped for 5 seconds in a saturated solution of copper sulfate died if held in air for as little as a few seconds to 8 h mussels, however, were resistant (MacKenzie 1961). 

Mercury-zinc mixtures were more-than-additive in toxicity to oyster larvae (Sprague 1986). Preexposure of mussels (Mytilus edulis) to 50 pg Zn/L for 28 days conferred increased tolerance to 75 pg inorganic mercury/L (Roesijadi and Fellingham 1987). Zinc inhibited the accumulation of mercury in marine snails and crustaceans (Andersen et al. 1989). 

Coleman RA, Ramchunder SJ, Moody AJ, Foggo A (2006) An enzyme in snail saliva induces herbivore-resistance in a marine alga. Func Ecol 21 101-106... 

The applicability of cITP-NMR for the analysis of trace impurities was demonstrated by the selective detection of 1.9 nmol of atenolol injected in a sample containing a 1000-fold excess of sucrose [100]. cITP-NMR has also been used for the analysis of a cationic neurotoxin present in a homogenate of the hypo-branchial gland of the marine snail Calliostoma canaliculatum [109]. Korir et al. [110] used an anionic cITP separation with online NMR detection to separate and identify nanomole quantities of heparin oligosaccharides. Although only a few cITP-NMR applications have appeared, the ability to selectively separate, concentrate, and detect charged analytes makes cITP-NMR a potentially powerful method for trace analysis. 

The cone snails from all marine environments (Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda, Order Sorbeoconcha) represent a large genus of approximately 700 carnivorous predator species (Figure 6). They are classified... 

Figure 6 Venomous marine cone snails, (a) Geography cone Conus geographus (Public domain)) (b) Queen Victoria cone [Conus victoriae)-, (c) cloth of gold cone [Conus textile), (d) marble cone [Conus marmoreus (Public domain)) (e) closing view of proboscis with toxoglossan cone snail (f) microscope picture of toxoglossan from Conus consors. Photos (b), (c), (e),...

Kotaki, Y., Oshima, Y. and Yasumoto, T., Analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins in marine snails, Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 47, 943, 1981. 

In the present-day ocean, about half of the PIC exported to oceanic sediments consists of the remains of foraminiferans. These microorganisms are protozoans. They are widespread in the marine environment with some species having a pelagic lifestyle and others benthic. As shown in Figure 15.1a, their calcareous structures have the appearance of a chambered snail shell and are composed of the mineral calcite. Since this hard part is covered by tissue, it is technically a type of skeleton. These detrital remains are referred to as tests or forams. Among the present-day and extinct species of foraminiferans, considerable variation exists in the size, shape, and density of their tests. 

Aqueous and sedimentary TBT and TFT cause chronic and acute effects in algae, zooplankton, Crustacea, mollusks, fish, and animals. These effects have been local in nature, occurring mostly in harbors near industrialized lands. TBT is bioaccumulated in many species, which is unfortunate as it is a potent endocrine disrupter. The enrichment factor in mussels, snails, and oysters ranges from 10,000 to 60,000. As mentioned in Section 28.7.1, TBT induces imposex in marine gastropods. 

McIntosh M, Cruz LJ, HunkapiUer MW, Gray WR, Ohvera BM. (1982) Isolation and structure of a peptide toxin from the marine snail Conus magus. Arch Biochem Biophys 218 329-334. 

Olivera BM. (2000) co-Conotoxin MVllA From marine snail venom to analgesic drng. In Fusetani N. (ed), Drugs from the Sea, pp. 74-85. Karger,... 

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