Triethanolamine

Triethanolamine has been evaluated as an additive to a commercial electrolyte to enhance the properties of aluminum electrolytic capacitors (1). The results showed that 1-3% triethanolamine additive can prevent the pH and conductivity of the electrolytes from decreasing for 5000 h at 60°C. 

The ability of the anodic restoration of an anode aluminum film in the electrolyte with triethanolamine additive proved to be more efficient than the electrolyte without triethanolamine additive. 

The low temperature electrical characteristics of capacitors showed that the triethanolamine additive can prevent the electrolyte inside capacitors from freezing and losing electric characteristics even at -40°C. 

A load life test of the capacitors impregnated with electrolytes with or without triethanolamine additive exhibited remarkable differences. The triethanolamine additive promoted 105°C load lifetime from 3019 h up to 5624 h and from 2144 h up to 3621 h for a 125°C load lifetime test (1). 

Uses Triethanolamine is a pale yellow, viscous liquid. It is hygroscopic with an irritant, ammoniac odor. The industrial and domestic applications of this compound are multiple and extensive. Use includes manufacture of toilet products, cosmetics formulations,61 solvents for waxes, resins, dyes, paraffins, and polishes, herbicides, and lubricants for textile products.41 In the pharmaceutical industry, triethanolamine is used as a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent,62,63 emulsifier, and alkylating agent. 

TEA Tealan triethylolamine trihydroxytriethylamine tris (hydroxy ethyl) amine. 

Triethanolamine is widely used in topical pharmaceutical formulations primarily in the formation of emulsions. 

When mixed in equimolar proportions with a fatty acid, such as stearic acid or oleic acid, triethanolamine forms an anionic soap with a pH of about 8, which may be used as an emulsifying agent to produce fine-grained, stable oil-in-water emulsions. Concentrations that are typically used for emulsification are 2-4% v/v of triethanolamine and 2-5 times that of fatty acids. In the case of mineral oils, 5% v/v of triethanolamine will be needed, with an appropriate increase in the amount of fatty acid used. Preparations that contain triethanolamine soaps tend to darken on storage. However, discoloration may be reduced by avoiding exposure to light and contact with metals and metal ions. 

Triethanolamine is also used in salt formation for injectable solutions and in topical analgesic preparations. It is also used in sun-screen preparations.  

Triethanolamine is used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of surfactants, textile specialties, waxes, polishes, herbicides, petroleum demulsifiers, toilet goods, cement additives, and cutting oils. Triethanolamine is also claimed to be used for the production of lubricants for the rubber gloves and textile industries. Other general uses are as buffers, solvents, and polymer plasticizers, and as a humectant. 

Name 2,2, 2 -Nitrilotris[ethanol] lUPAC Systematic Name 2,2, 2 -Nitrilotriethanol 

Synonyms Alkanolamine 244 nitrilotriethanol TEA TEA (amino alcohol) TEOA triethanolamin tris([3-hydroxyethyl)amine tris(2-hydroxyethyl)amine 

2 Structural and molecular formulae and relative molecular mass 

Solubility-. Miscible with water, acetone, ethanol and methanol soluble in chloroform slightly soluble in benzene, diethyl ether and lignans (Lide Milne, 1996 Budavari, 1998) 

Volatility. Vapour pressure, 1.3 Pa at 20 °C relative vapour density (air = 1), 5.14 (Verschueren, 1996) flash-point, 185 °C (Budavari, 1998) 

ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1980. 

Obviously, the advantage of using a drug with a high value 

Molecular formula CeHisNOa Molecular weight 149.19 CAS Registry No 102-71-6 Merck Index 13,9739 

Column 100 x 4 Alltech Universal Cation Mobile phase 3 mM methanesulfonic acid Flowrate 1 Injection volume 100 

Detector Conductivity (nonsuppressed mode, indirect conductivity detection) 

Saari-Nordhaus, R. Anderson, J.M. Jr. Alternative approach to enhancing cation selectivity in ion chromatography, J.ChromatogrA, 2004,1039, 123-127. 

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Here the ethylene oxide undergoes parallel reactions, whereas the monoethanolamine undergoes a series reaction to diethanolamine and triethanolamine. 

Two principal secondary reactions occur, to diethanolamine and triethanolamine ... 

The secondary reactions are parallel with respect to ethylene oxide but series with respect to monoethanolamine. Monoethanolamine is more valuable than both the di- and triethanolamine. As a first step in the flowsheet synthesis, make an initial choice of reactor which will maximize the production of monoethanolamine relative to di- and triethanolamine. 

Solution We wish to avoid as much as possible the production of di- and triethanolamine, which are formed by series reactions with respect to monoethanolamine. In a continuous well-mixed reactor, part of the monoethanolamine formed in the primary reaction could stay for extended periods, thus increasing its chances of being converted to di- and triethanolamine. The ideal batch or plug-flow arrangement is preferred, to carefully control the residence time in the reactor. 

The use of an excess of ammonia is home out in practice. A mole ratio of ammonia to ethylene oxide of 10 1 3delds 75 percent monoethanolamine, 21 percent diethanolamine, and 4 percent triethanolamine. Using equimolar proportions under the same reaction conditions, the respective proportions become 12, 23, and 65 percent. 

Another possibility to improve selectivity is to reduce the concentration of monoethanolamine in the reactor by using more than one reactor with intermediate separation of the monoethanolamine. Considering the boiling points of the components given in Table 2.3, then separation by distillation is apparently possible. Unfortunately, repeated distillation operations are likely to be very expensive. Also, there is a market to sell both di- and triethanolamine, even though their value is lower than that of monoethanolamine. Thus, in this case, repeated reaction and separation are probably not justified, and the choice is a single plug-flow reactor. 

The 5-nitrosallcylaldehyde reagent is prepared as follows. Add 0-5 g. of 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde (m.p. 124-125°) to 15 ml. of pure triethanolamine and 25 ml. of water shake until dissolved. Then introduce 0-5 g. of crystallised nickel chloride dissolved in a few ml. of water, and dilute to 100 ml. with water. If the triethanolamine contains some ethanolamine (thus causing a precipitate), it may be necessary to add a further 0 - 5 g. of the aldehyde and to filter off the resulting precipitate. The reagent is stable for long periods. 

Direct Titrations. The most convenient and simplest manner is the measured addition of a standard chelon solution to the sample solution (brought to the proper conditions of pH, buffer, etc.) until the metal ion is stoichiometrically chelated. Auxiliary complexing agents such as citrate, tartrate, or triethanolamine are added, if necessary, to prevent the precipitation of metal hydroxides or basic salts at the optimum pH for titration. Eor example, tartrate is added in the direct titration of lead. If a pH range of 9 to 10 is suitable, a buffer of ammonia and ammonium chloride is often added in relatively concentrated form, both to adjust the pH and to supply ammonia as an auxiliary complexing agent for those metal ions which form ammine complexes. A few metals, notably iron(III), bismuth, and thorium, are titrated in acid solution. 

Br , citrate, CE, CN , E, NH3, SCN , S20 , thiourea, thioglycolic acid, diethyldithiocarba-mate, thiosemicarbazide, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiocarbamate Acetate, acetylacetone, BE4, citrate, C20 , EDTA, E , formate, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sul-fonic acid, mannitol, 2,3-mercaptopropanol, OH , salicylate, sulfosalicylate, tartrate, triethanolamine, tiron... 

Br , citrate, CE, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, dithizone, EDTA, E, OH , NagP30io, SCN , tartrate, thiosulfate, thiourea, triethanolamine BE4, citrate, V,V-dihydroxyethylglycine, EDTA, E , polyphosphates, tartrate Citrate, CN , 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, dimercaptosuccinic acid, dithizone, EDTA, glycine, E, malonate, NH3, 1,10-phenanthroline, SCN , 820 , tartrate Citrate, V,V-dihydroxyethylglycine, EDTA, E , PO , reducing agents (ascorbic acid), tartrate, tiron... 

Acetone, (reduction with) ascorbic acid, citrate, CE, CN , 2,3-dimercaptopropan-I-oI, EDTA, formate, E, 8CN , 80 , tartrate, thiosemicarbazide, thiourea, triethanolamine CE, EDTA, F , 8CN , tartrate, thiourea, triethanolamine Citrate, CN , 8CN , tartrate, thiourea Citrate, EDTA, F , oxalate, tartrate, tiron... 

Citrate, C20 , cycIohexane-I,2-diaminetetraacetic acid, V,V-dihydroxyethyIgIycine, EDTA, F , glycol, hexametaphosphate, OH , P20 , triethanolamine Citrate, CN , C20 , 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, EDTA, F , NagP30io, oxidation to MnOy, P20 , reduction to Mn(II) with NH2OH HCI or hydrazine, sulfosalicylate, tartrate, triethanolamine, triphosphate, tiron... 

NagPgOio, NH3, 1,10-phenanthroline, SCN , sulfosalicylate, thioglycolic acid, triethanolamine, tartrate... 

Tl Citrate, CE, CN , EDTA, HCHO, hydrazine, NH2OH HCl, oxalate, tartrate, triethanolamine... 

U Citrate, (NH4)2C03, C20 , EDTA, F , H2O2, hydrazine + triethanolamine, phosphate(3—),... 

H2O2, PO , P20 , pyrogallol, quinalizarinesulfonic acid, salicylate, SOJ + H2O2, sulfosalicylate, tartrate, triethanolamine... 

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