Bases triethanolamine

Li and co-workers investigated the evolution of the morphology in the solvothermal synthesis of ceria nanoparticles. Rod-like and prism-like Ce(0H)C03 and polygon-like CeOg can be obtained with urea as precipitator. Using the organic base triethanolamine or inorganic NaOH would result in cube-like ceria nanocrystals. 

THPC—Amide Process. The THPC—amide process is the first practical process based on THPC. It consists of a combination of THPC, TMM, and urea. In this process, there is the potential of polymer formation by THPC, melamine, and urea. There may also be some limited cross-linking between cellulose and the TMM system. The formulation also includes triethanolamine [102-71-6J, an acid scavenger, which slows polymerization at room temperature. Urea and triethanolamine react with the hydrochloric acid produced in the polymerization reaction, thus preventing acid damage to the fabric. This finish with suitable add-on passes the standard vertical flame test after repeated laundering (80). 

Chemical Properties. Trimethylpentanediol, with a primary and a secondary hydroxyl group, enters into reactions characteristic of other glycols. It reacts readily with various carboxyUc acids and diacids to form esters, diesters, and polyesters (40). Some organometaUic catalysts have proven satisfactory for these reactions, the most versatile being dibutyltin oxide. Several weak bases such as triethanolamine, potassium acetate, lithium acetate, and borax are effective as stabilizers for the glycol during synthesis (41). 

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Alkanolamines ate important taw materials in the manufacture of creams (95—97), lotions, shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics. Soaps (98) formed from triethanolamine and fatty acids ate mild, with low alkalinity and excellent detergency. Triethanolamine lauryl sulfate is a common base for shampoos (99—101) and offers significant mildness over sodiumlauryl sulfate. Diethanolamine lauryl sulfate and fatty acid soaps of mono- and trietban olamine can also be used in shampoos and bubble bath formulations. Chemistry similar to that used in soluble oils and other emulsifiers is appUcable to cleansing creams and lotions (102,103). Alkanolamides or salts ate added to the shampoo base to give a smooth, dense foam (104). 

Pigment Dispersion. The alkan olamines and thek derivatives are useful in dispersing titanium dioxide and other pigments (209). Monoisopropanolamine and triethanolamine are particularly effective in aiding titanium dioxide dispersion in the production of Ti02 and in water-based paints (210). The alkan olamines are also an aid in the grinding of titanium dioxide (211). 

The diisopropoxy-bis-(triethanolamine)-titanate, TYZORTE [36673-16-2] is an excellent cross-linker for aqueous solutions of hydroxyl-containing polymers. The reaction product of TYZORTPT with a mixture of trialkano1 amines and dialkanolarnines or monoalkano1 amines can be used to cure polyester-based powder coatings (109). Other ligands of this type iaclude triisopropano1 amine [122-20-3] ... 

The hydrolysis of phosphites is retarded by the addition of a small amount of a base such as triethanolamine. A more effective approach is the use of hindered phenols for esterification. Relatively good resistance to hydrolysis is shown by two esters derived from hindered phenols tris(2,4-di-/ / butylphenyl)phosphite [31570-04-4] (25) and tetrakis(2,4-di-/ /f-butylphenyl)4,4 -biphenylenediphosphonite [38613-77-3] (26). The hindered fluorophosphite [118337-09-0] (27) has excellent resistance to hydrolysis. 

There is increasing interest in copolymer systems, which, due to their chemical heterogeneity, may require very complex eluent systems in order to dissolve the sample and ensure that the separation ensues hy a pure size exclusion mechanism. In these examples, the PLgel is also compatible with eluent systems containing mixed solvents of different polarity (including water as a cosolvent up to 10% hy volume) and in organic solvents modified with acids or bases (e.g., acetic or formic acid, triethanolamine) as it is stable in the pH range of 1-14. 

For many years such media have been based on strong salt solutions, e.g. calcium chloride brines. Sodium dichromate has been used (seep. 17 26), but recently other inhibitors have been claimed to be effective. One patent quotes N-alkyl-substituted alkanolamines, e.g. 2-ethyl ethanolamine -I- BTA at pH A mixture of hydrazine hydrochloride -i- BTA has been claimed as well as a mixture of gelatin -h triethanolamine -h potassium dihydrogen phosphate . Other examples are to be found in the patent literature and the above are quoted to illustrate the diversity of chemicals that may be used. 

Most of the LAB sulfonic acid that is produced is neutralized to the Na+ salt. However, sulfonic acid can be neutralized with other bases to make different salts such as NH4+, TEA+ (triethanolamine), Mg2+, among others. In the latter 1970s, a major U.S. laundry liquid contained about 20-25% Mg(LAS)2 as the major active ingredient, along with a smaller amount of TEA+ salt of LAS [17]. This product was reported to be a very effective detergent on oily or greasy soils. 

Again both AE and LAS are effective in these types of liquids since they can be added to the formulation in a high-active, low-water form. LAB sulfonic acid can be neutralized in situ with a caustic or an amine base such as triethanolamine. 

An important application of some sodium alcohol sulfates, particularly those based on C12 and C12-CI4 and produced in powder and needle forms, is as the basic surfactant ingredient in toothpastes. Sodium and triethanolamine lauryl sulfates are also components of shaving creams. 

Among the large amount of data based on different animals some studies are worth mentioning. Brown and Muir [367] studied alcohol sulfates based on coconut alcohol and on Dobanol 23, neutralized with sodium, ammonium, monoethanolamine, and triethanolamine. The study was carried out by occlusive patch tests on albino rabbits and open patch tests on albino rabbits and albino guinea pigs. Solutions at 0.1 % concentration did not cause any reaction... 

The products of the chemical degradation of PETP with triethylene tetramine and triethaneolamine can be used as epoxy resin hardeners, it is demonstrated. Products of PETP aminolysis with triethylene tetramine and aminoglycolysis with triethanolamine, were characterised using NMR and rheometric measurements. Characteristics of the crosslinking process for the system epoxy resin/ PETP/amine degradation product, and epoxy resin/TETA for comparison were investigated by DSC. Three classes of liquid epoxy resins based on bisphenol A, bisphenol F and epoxy novolak resins were used in the experiments. 16 refs. 

FIGURE 9.4 TLC-blotting/SIMS of various glycosphingolipids. (A) TLC profile of the separated glycosphingolipids, (B) MS profiles obtained by TLC-blotting/SIMS (a) spectrum of sulfatide peaks at m/z 862, 876, 890, 906, and 918 are molecular ions with different fatty acid species indicated in the figure (asterisks are peaks of triethanolamine as matrix) (b) spectrum of Gb Cer peaks at m/z 1309 and 1337 are molecular ions with different fatty acid species as indicated (c) spectrum of G peaks at m/z 1151, 1235, and 1263 are molecular ions with different fatty acid species as shown. Abbreviations LCB — long chain base, FA — fatty acid, hFA — hydroxyfatty acid. Hex — hexose, HexNAc — /V-acetylhexosamine. (From Taki, T. et al.. Anal. Biochem., 225, 24—27, 1995. With permission.) Continued. 

The most widely used amine is monoethanolamine (MEA), which is considered as a benchmark solvent because of its high cyclic capacity, significant absorption-stripping kinetic rates at low C02 concentration and high solubility in water. Some other amine-based solvents such as diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), diglycolamine (DGA), N-methyldiethanol-amine (MDEA), piperazine (PZ), 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol (AMP) and N-(2-aminoeth-yl)piperazine (AEP) have also traditionally been utilised. 

Bioavailable trace elements in soil correlate with plant uptake and concentrations in plants. Extractants for bioavailable trace elements include chelating agents, diluted inorganic acid, neutral salt solutions, and water (Table 7.2). The most popular extractant for bioavailable trace elements in arid and semi-arid soils is DTPA-TEA (triethanolamine), which was developed by Lindsay and Norvell (1969, 1978) to extract available Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn from neutral and calcareous soils. Use of this chelating agent, DTPA, is based on the fact that it has the most favorable combination of stability constants for simultaneous complexation of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn... 

Absorbents based on a variety of amines are by far the most common. Amines that have been used include monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA), methyl diethanolamine (MDEA), and digly-colamine (DGA). C02 is typically absorbed at 80-140°F temperature and up to 1000 psig pressure by chemically reacting with the basic amine functional group in the absorbent, for example, primary amine, MEA, reacts with C02 by the following reaction forming a carbamate salt ... 

In an attempt to produce TS-1 at low cost, alternative, cheaper sources of Ti and Si and other bases such as binary mixtures of (tetrabutylammonium and tetraethylammonium hydroxides), (tetrabutylphosphonium and tetraethylpho-sphonium hydroxides), (tetrapropylammonium bromide and ammonia, water, hexanediamine, n-butylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, or triethanolamine) in place of TPAOH have been used (284—294). TS-1 was synthesized in the presence of fluoride ions but the material thus formed contained extraframework Ti species (295-297). 

Synthesis using TPABr as structure-directing agent and ammonia, water, hexanediamine, n-butylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, or triethanolamine as base (seeds of TS-1 were added to get smaller crystallites and 100% crystallinity) Synthesis of fibrous titanosilicate... 

Figure 5.16 Formation of emulsion droplets, (a) Aqueous MPS solution after acid-catalysed hydrolysis and condensation, (b) Micrometre-sized emulsion droplets are rapidly formed upon addition of the base catalyst triethanolamine. (Reproduced from ref. 28, with permission.)... 

Unfortunately, not all combinations of chemical additives in water-based fluids are completely compatible, and side reactions leading to various byproducts have been noted. The best known of these side reactions is the reaction between the corrosion inhibitor nitrite and the emulsifiers di- and triethanolamine (7) to form N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDE1A), a nitrosamine reported to have carcinogenic activity (8, 9, 10). In fact, most nitrosamines are carcinogenic, and no animal species which has been tested is resistant to nitrosa mine-induced cancer. Although there is no direct evidence that firmly links human cancer to nitrosamines, it is unlikely that humans should be uniquely resistant. 

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