Triethanolamine production

Free diethanolamine is reported to be a contaminant in fatty acid-diethanolamine condensates (amides of coconut oil acid, oleic acid and lauric acid) at levels ranging from < 1% to nearly 10% (National Toxicology Program, 1999b,c,d). Diethanolamine also occurs as a contaminant in triethanolamine products (National Toxicology Program, 1999e). 

The reactions of isopropoxides of alkahne earth metals (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) with (HOC2H4)3N(H3tea) in 1 2 molar ratio yield colourless insoluble nonvolatile solids (J) with the composition, M(H2tea)2, which on treatment with 4 moles of Al(OIV)3 afford soluble monomeric heterobimetallic triethanolaminate products (K) according to Eqs (3.106) and (3.107) ... 

The secondary reactions are parallel with respect to ethylene oxide but series with respect to monoethanolamine. Monoethanolamine is more valuable than both the di- and triethanolamine. As a first step in the flowsheet synthesis, make an initial choice of reactor which will maximize the production of monoethanolamine relative to di- and triethanolamine. 

Solution We wish to avoid as much as possible the production of di- and triethanolamine, which are formed by series reactions with respect to monoethanolamine. In a continuous well-mixed reactor, part of the monoethanolamine formed in the primary reaction could stay for extended periods, thus increasing its chances of being converted to di- and triethanolamine. The ideal batch or plug-flow arrangement is preferred, to carefully control the residence time in the reactor. 

Processes for Triacetate. There are both batch and continuous process for triacetate. Many of the considerations and support faciUties for producing acetate apply to triacetate however, no acetyl hydrolysis is required. In the batch triacetate sulfuric acid process, however, a sulfate hydrolysis step (or desulfonation) is necessary. This is carried out by slow addition of a dilute aqueous acetic acid solution containing sodium or magnesium acetate (44,45) or triethanolamine (46) to neutrali2e the Hberated sulfuric acid. The cellulose triacetate product has a combined acetic acid content of 61.5%. 

Numerous patents exist for the production of nitdlotriacetic acid [139-13-9]2in.d its salts from triethanolamine (14—16). 

Gleaners. Properties, such as foaming and detergency (qv), make alkanolamines useflil in cleaning formulations. Monoetbanolamine is particularly effective in wax removal formulations because of its ability to penetrate films. Cleanets that involve skin contact use triethanolamine because of its mildness. Derivatives of the amines (49,50) as well as the free alkan olamines (51—53), may be formulated into cleaning products. 

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Alkanolamines ate important taw materials in the manufacture of creams (95—97), lotions, shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics. Soaps (98) formed from triethanolamine and fatty acids ate mild, with low alkalinity and excellent detergency. Triethanolamine lauryl sulfate is a common base for shampoos (99—101) and offers significant mildness over sodiumlauryl sulfate. Diethanolamine lauryl sulfate and fatty acid soaps of mono- and trietban olamine can also be used in shampoos and bubble bath formulations. Chemistry similar to that used in soluble oils and other emulsifiers is appUcable to cleansing creams and lotions (102,103). Alkanolamides or salts ate added to the shampoo base to give a smooth, dense foam (104). 

Pigment Dispersion. The alkan olamines and thek derivatives are useful in dispersing titanium dioxide and other pigments (209). Monoisopropanolamine and triethanolamine are particularly effective in aiding titanium dioxide dispersion in the production of Ti02 and in water-based paints (210). The alkan olamines are also an aid in the grinding of titanium dioxide (211). 

For binder preparation, dilute hydrochloric or acetic acids are preferred, because these faciUtate formation of stable silanol condensation products. When more complete condensation or gelation is preferred, a wider range of catalysts, including moderately basic ones, is employed. These materials, which are often called hardeners or accelerators, include aqueous ammonia, ammonium carbonate, triethanolamine, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, dicyclohexylamine, alcohoHc ammonium acetate, and tributyltin oxide (11,12). 

The diisopropoxy-bis-(triethanolamine)-titanate, TYZORTE [36673-16-2] is an excellent cross-linker for aqueous solutions of hydroxyl-containing polymers. The reaction product of TYZORTPT with a mixture of trialkano1 amines and dialkanolarnines or monoalkano1 amines can be used to cure polyester-based powder coatings (109). Other ligands of this type iaclude triisopropano1 amine [122-20-3] ... 

Epoxy cross-linking is cataly2ed by TYZOR TPT and TYZOR TBT, alone or with piperidine, and by TYZOR TE. The soHd condensation product from 3 TPT 4 TEA (triethanolamine) has also been appHed to epoxy curing (490). Titanate curing is accelerated by selected phenoHc ethers and esters at 150°C the mixtures have along pot life at 50°C (491) (see Epoxyresins). 

The cross-linking of the resin is, of course, not carried out until it is in situ in the finished product. This will take place by heating the resin at elevated temperatures with a catalyst, several of which are described in the literature, e.g. triethanolamine and metal octoates. The selection of the type and amount of resin has a critical Influence on the rate of cure and on the properties of the finished resin. 

Distill a diethanolamine-triethanolamine mixture to produce a 99.0 wt% DEA distillate product and a 95.0 wt% TEA bottoms product. The design material balance is as follows ... 

Formulated products tend to use a 10 to 20% neutralized erythorbate, buffered to pH of 5 to 6 with ammonia, morpholine, cyclohexy-lamine, diethanolamine (DEA), or triethanolamine (TEA) to reduce the acidity of erythorbic acid. Similarly, amines are used with sodium erythorbate to improve the reaction rate. 

Most of the LAB sulfonic acid that is produced is neutralized to the Na+ salt. However, sulfonic acid can be neutralized with other bases to make different salts such as NH4+, TEA+ (triethanolamine), Mg2+, among others. In the latter 1970s, a major U.S. laundry liquid contained about 20-25% Mg(LAS)2 as the major active ingredient, along with a smaller amount of TEA+ salt of LAS [17]. This product was reported to be a very effective detergent on oily or greasy soils. 

The reaction of condensed phosphoric acid with castor oil gave a poly-phosphoric acid ester, which after neutralization with ammonia shows a high wetting power [32]. Glycerol trioleate was reacted with octametaphosphoric acid at 40°C in the presence of acetic acid anhydride. The reaction product was neutralized with triethanolamine [32,33]. 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

The products of the chemical degradation of PETP with triethylene tetramine and triethaneolamine can be used as epoxy resin hardeners, it is demonstrated. Products of PETP aminolysis with triethylene tetramine and aminoglycolysis with triethanolamine, were characterised using NMR and rheometric measurements. Characteristics of the crosslinking process for the system epoxy resin/ PETP/amine degradation product, and epoxy resin/TETA for comparison were investigated by DSC. Three classes of liquid epoxy resins based on bisphenol A, bisphenol F and epoxy novolak resins were used in the experiments. 16 refs. 

A. A. Perejma and L. V. Pertseva. Complex reagent for treating plugging solutions—comprises hydrolysed polyacrylonitrile, ferrochro-moUgnosulphonate Cr-containing additive, waste from lanolin production treated with triethanolamine and water. Patent RU 2013524-C, 1994. 

Hydrolysis products Hydrochloric acid and triethanolamine in dilute solutions. Dimer formation in higher concentrations. 

ADCA is activated by zinc oxide, zinc stearate (strongly) and urea (slowly). Barium stearate, calcium stearate and triethanolamine, when added at 10 phr, moderately activate gas evolution from ADCA. They do not have very much effect on decomposition rate when the cure temperature is at 170 °C, but a marked effect above 180 °C. The rate of decomposition of ADCA is significantly influenced by the particle size of the additive. Effective dispersion and heat transfer through the particle can be a means of controlling the cell quality and the manufacturing method for the product. The correct particle size is selected to achieve the optimum balance between cure and cell development. 

These are made by crosslinking unsaturated oils with sulphur (and an amine catalyst, usually triethanolamine) at 140-160 °C. These products will give dark coloured vulcanisates which have poor contact stain properties when in contact with painted surfaces. 

The massive contamination of NDE1A in alkaline synthetic fluids (3%) found by Fan et al Q) cannot be explained by known nitrosation kinetics of di- or triethanolamine. Instead, more powerful nitrosation routes, possibly involving nitrogen oxide (N0X) derivatives (e.g., N02> N O t) may be responsible for the amounts of NDE1A in these products (34). In fact, a nitrite-free commercial concentrate was shown to accumulate NDE1A up to about 10 0 days at which time the levels dropped dramatically (19). Inhibition of N0X contaminants may be an effective route to the inhibition of nitrosamine formation in metalworking fluids. 

The rapid back-electron transfer between these products is deliberately impeded by reducing Ru(bpy)3+ back to Ru(bpy)j+ with the sacrificial triethanolamine (TEOA), and in the presence of colloidal platinum MV+ reduces water to H2. 

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