Triethanolamine manufacture

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Alkanolamines ate important taw materials in the manufacture of creams (95—97), lotions, shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics. Soaps (98) formed from triethanolamine and fatty acids ate mild, with low alkalinity and excellent detergency. Triethanolamine lauryl sulfate is a common base for shampoos (99—101) and offers significant mildness over sodiumlauryl sulfate. Diethanolamine lauryl sulfate and fatty acid soaps of mono- and trietban olamine can also be used in shampoos and bubble bath formulations. Chemistry similar to that used in soluble oils and other emulsifiers is appUcable to cleansing creams and lotions (102,103). Alkanolamides or salts ate added to the shampoo base to give a smooth, dense foam (104). 

Treating petroleum oils with 3-5% calcium alkyl salicylate and 0.5-3% triethanolamine salts of phosphoric acid esters and ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol increases oxidation-thermal stability at 180-200°C in the manufacture of oil for metal parts quenching. The agent provides also short-term anticorrosion protection of the hardened articles [261]. Phosphoric acid salt alkyl esters are used in anticorrosives and aqueous dispersions in waterborne polyester coatings for metals [244]. 

ADCA is activated by zinc oxide, zinc stearate (strongly) and urea (slowly). Barium stearate, calcium stearate and triethanolamine, when added at 10 phr, moderately activate gas evolution from ADCA. They do not have very much effect on decomposition rate when the cure temperature is at 170 °C, but a marked effect above 180 °C. The rate of decomposition of ADCA is significantly influenced by the particle size of the additive. Effective dispersion and heat transfer through the particle can be a means of controlling the cell quality and the manufacturing method for the product. The correct particle size is selected to achieve the optimum balance between cure and cell development. 

Many of the cutting fluids used today are of the synthetic variety, and usually contain an alkanolamine and sodium nitrite in varying proportions, as well as other ingredients. Most manufacturers have not, until very recently, determined the presence of NDEIA in their products. This situation is changing rapidly. In Canada, the government has moved to ban the importation, sale, and advertisement of products (cutting fluids) which contain any nitrite when diethanolamine or triethanolamine is also present (44). 

Information available in 1999 indicated that triethanolamine was manufactured by six companies in India, five companies in the United States, three companies each in China, France, Germany and Mexico, two companies each in Italy and the Russian Federation and one company each in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Iran, Japan, Spain and the United Kingdom (Chemical Information Services, 1999). 

The Food and Drug Administration (1999) permits the use of triethanolamine as a component of adhesives in food packaging as an indirect food additive, as a component of the uncoated or coated food contact surface of paper and paper board for use with dry solid foods with no free fat or oil on the surface, and to adjust pH during the manufacture of amino resins permitted for use as components of paper and paper board in the United States. 

Jones, S.T. Kennedy, C.T.C. (1988) Contact dermatitis from triethanolamine inE45 cream (Short communication). Contact Derm., 19, 230 Kenyon, E.M., Hammond, S.K., Shatkin, J., Woskie, S.R., Hallock, M.F. Smith, T.J. (1993) Ethanolamine exposures of workers using machining fluids in the automotive parts manufacturing industry. Appl. occup. environ. Hyg., 8, 655-661 Kindsvatter, VH. (1940) Acute and chronic toxicity of triethanolamine. J. ind. Hyg. Toxicol, 22, 206-212... 

Mono- and triethanolamine are miscible with water or alcohol in all proportions and is only slightly soluble in ether. Diethanolamine will dissolve in water, is very soluble in alcohol, and is only slightly soluble in ether. All of the compounds are clear, viscous liquids at standard conditions and white crystalline solids when frozen. They have a relatively low toxicity. In early processes, the ethanolamines were manufactured by reacting ethylene chlorohydrin (C1CH2CH20H) with ammonia (NH3). Current processes... 

Uses Triethanolamine is a pale yellow, viscous liquid. It is hygroscopic with an irritant, ammoniac odor. The industrial and domestic applications of this compound are multiple and extensive. Use includes manufacture of toilet products, cosmetics formulations,61 solvents for waxes, resins, dyes, paraffins, and polishes, herbicides, and lubricants for textile products.41 In the pharmaceutical industry, triethanolamine is used as a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent,62,63 emulsifier, and alkylating agent. 

In general, two types of chemical reactions are utilized in the manufacture of soap the saponification of triglycerides (fats and oils) and the neutralization of fatty acids (which themselves are produced from the triglycerides by a variety of methods, most notably splitting or hydrolysis of fats and oils with steam under high pressure). Sodium hydroxide (the predominant alkali employed in the manufacture of soaps), potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and triethanolamine are... 

For both saponification and neutralization reactions, sodium hydroxide is the most commonly used base. In some special situations, such as the manufacture of transparent and translucent soaps, potassium hydroxide and triethanolamine are also employed. 

The active portion of this class of emulsifiers is the anion. In general, these emulsifiers are more acid-stable and permit adjustment of the emulsion pH level to the desirable range of 4.5 and 6.5. Common examples include sodium lauryl sulfate and soaps such as triethanolamine stearate. Triethanolamine stearate is one of the most popular emulsifiers for creams and lotions in use today. It is usually prepared in situ during manufacture from stearic acid in the hot oil phase and from triethanolamine in the hot aqueous phase. The amount of triethanolamine controls the pH level of the resulting product. 

Triethanolamine is used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of surfactants, textile specialties, waxes, polishes, herbicides, petroleum demulsifiers, toilet goods, cement additives, and cutting oils. Triethanolamine is also claimed to be used for the production of lubricants for the rubber gloves and textile industries. Other general uses are as buffers, solvents, and polymer plasticizers, and as a humectant. 

Hydrazine nitrace Fluoiine nitrate Mcthylamine nitrate Tetramethylammonium nitrate Guanidine nitrate Properties Manufacture Urea nitrate Thiourea nitrate Ethylene diamine dinitritc Hexamethylenetetramine diniirate Nitrates of ethanolamine nitric esters Ethanolamine nitric ester nitrate (ethanolamine dinitrate) Diethanolamine dinitric ester nitrate (diethanolamine trinitrate) Trictham amine trimtnc ester nitrate (triethanolamine tetranitrate) Oxontum nitrate Literature... 

When these types of cutting fluids are manufactured, they typically will contain an ethanolamine salt or some form of emulsifying agent that is used to get the oil in solution. Many of the best formulations will contain triethanolamine salts because of their excellent ability to address what the chemist is looking for—typically, lubricity and anticorrosion protection. Typical ethanolamine salts of t-butylbenzoic acid, pentylbenzoic acid, hexylbenzoic acid, and p-butoxybenzoic acid have been chosen due to their favorable characteristics from the standpoint of cost, solubility, corrosion resistance, and load ability [3],... 

Silicone resins are manufactured batchwise by hydrolysis of a blend of chlorosilanes. For the final product to be cross-linked, a certain amount of trichlorosilane must be incorporated into the blend. (In commercial practice, R/Si ratios are typically in the range of 1.2 1-1.6 1) The cross-linking of the resin is, of course, not carried out until it is in situ in the finished product. The cross-linking takes place by heating the resin at elevated temperatures with a catalyst, several of which are described in the literature (e.g., triethanolamine and metal octoates). 

An important plant protection agent based on catechol is carbofuran, manufactured by Bayer diViA FMC, It is obtained by the reaction of catechol with methallyl chloride, followed by Claisen rearrangement at around 200 °C and ring closure to the respective benzofuran, with subsequent reaction of the hydroxyl group with methyl isocyanate in the presence of triethanolamine. (An alternative method of synthesis is based on o-nitrophenol). 

A number of different BF3 eomplexes are manufactured by Harshaw-Filtrol, including complexes containing monoethylamine, piperidine, benzylamine, aniline and triethanolamine, whilst Anchor has additional complexes based on chloroaniline, isopropylamine and di-iV-butylamine. The monoethylamine complex is the most widely used. 

Triethanolamine 2,2,2"-nitrilotriethanol. n. N(CH2CH20H)3. Very hygroscopic, viscous liquid with a slight ammoniacal odor. Turns brown on exposure to air and light. Used in the manufacture of surfactants and emulsions. Mol wt, 149.19 Sp gr, 1.124 (9.37lb/gal) mp, 21.2°C. 

Add the dye and water to the reaction vessel and stir in the Fuller s Earth and Sawdust for one hour. Add the remainder of the ingredients and continuously stir for 2h. Store in polyethylene-lined containers. The ethanol is a solvent and urethane reactant, triethanolamine is a catalyst and ammonia neutralizes both liquid and vapour of isocyanates the water and Fuller s Earth reduces flammability to a safe level. (Manufacturing Chemists Association USA, Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-73). 

Composition of phenolic resins containing triethanolamine borate are particularly useful for the manufacture of prepreg mats [109]. 

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