Triethanolamine formation

Br , citrate, CE, CN , E, NH3, SCN , S20 , thiourea, thioglycolic acid, diethyldithiocarba-mate, thiosemicarbazide, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiocarbamate Acetate, acetylacetone, BE4, citrate, C20 , EDTA, E , formate, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sul-fonic acid, mannitol, 2,3-mercaptopropanol, OH , salicylate, sulfosalicylate, tartrate, triethanolamine, tiron... 

Acetone, (reduction with) ascorbic acid, citrate, CE, CN , 2,3-dimercaptopropan-I-oI, EDTA, formate, E, 8CN , 80 , tartrate, thiosemicarbazide, thiourea, triethanolamine CE, EDTA, F , 8CN , tartrate, thiourea, triethanolamine Citrate, CN , 8CN , tartrate, thiourea Citrate, EDTA, F , oxalate, tartrate, tiron... 

THPC—Amide Process. The THPC—amide process is the first practical process based on THPC. It consists of a combination of THPC, TMM, and urea. In this process, there is the potential of polymer formation by THPC, melamine, and urea. There may also be some limited cross-linking between cellulose and the TMM system. The formulation also includes triethanolamine [102-71-6J, an acid scavenger, which slows polymerization at room temperature. Urea and triethanolamine react with the hydrochloric acid produced in the polymerization reaction, thus preventing acid damage to the fabric. This finish with suitable add-on passes the standard vertical flame test after repeated laundering (80). 

Activated tertiary amines such as triethanolamine (TEA) and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) have gained wide acceptance for CO2 removal. These materials require very low regeneration energy because of weak CO2 amine adduct formation, and do not form carbamates or other corrosive compounds (53). Hybrid CO2 removal systems, such as MDEA —sulfolane—water and DIPA—sulfolane—water, where DIPA is diisopropylamine, are aqueous alkaline solutions in a nonaqueous solvent, and are normally used in tandem with other systems for residual clean-up. Extensive data on the solubiUty of acid gases in amine solutions are available (55,56). 

For binder preparation, dilute hydrochloric or acetic acids are preferred, because these faciUtate formation of stable silanol condensation products. When more complete condensation or gelation is preferred, a wider range of catalysts, including moderately basic ones, is employed. These materials, which are often called hardeners or accelerators, include aqueous ammonia, ammonium carbonate, triethanolamine, calcium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, dicyclohexylamine, alcohoHc ammonium acetate, and tributyltin oxide (11,12). 

Deprotonation of enols of P-diketones, not considered unusual at moderate pH because of their acidity, is faciUtated at lower pH by chelate formation. Chelation can lead to the dissociation of a proton from as weak an acid as an aUphatic amino alcohol in aqueous alkaU. Coordination of the O atom of triethanolamine to Fe(III) is an example of this effect and results in the sequestration of iron in 1 to 18% sodium hydroxide solution (Fig. 7). Even more striking is the loss of a proton from the amino group of a gold chelate of ethylenediamine in aqueous solution (17). 

The formation of nitrosamines, e.g. n-nitrosodiedianolamine, which are possible human carcinogens, can occur in synthetic or semi-synthetic fluids which contain a nitrite salt and diethanolamine or triethanolamine. 

Brononol (2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) in combination with methyl and propyl paraben. The paper generated by the Danish group (ref. 5 Knoll BASF publication) shows that the mechanism of action of Bronopol is independent of formaldehyde formation. The inclusion of Tetrasodium EDTA at about 0.02% to remove ions in the water or extracts and carefully excluding any tertiary amines such as triethanolamine to counteract the fears of the marketers with reference to possible nitrosamine formation and release of formaldehyde. The pH used is usually at 6 and below. 

Hydrolysis products Hydrochloric acid and triethanolamine in dilute solutions. Dimer formation in higher concentrations. 

Hawecker et a/.141 used Re(bpy)(CO)3X (X = Cl, Br) complexes as photosensitizers and succeeded in improving markedly the efficiency of CO formation using a system similar to that described above, where DMF was used as a solvent and 2,9-dimethyl- 1,10-phenanthroline was added, as a ligand for the cobalt ion, to a solution containing Ru(bpy)3+, Co2+, and triethanolamine. 

Figure 5.16 Formation of emulsion droplets, (a) Aqueous MPS solution after acid-catalysed hydrolysis and condensation, (b) Micrometre-sized emulsion droplets are rapidly formed upon addition of the base catalyst triethanolamine. (Reproduced from ref. 28, with permission.)... 

The massive contamination of NDE1A in alkaline synthetic fluids (3%) found by Fan et al Q) cannot be explained by known nitrosation kinetics of di- or triethanolamine. Instead, more powerful nitrosation routes, possibly involving nitrogen oxide (N0X) derivatives (e.g., N02> N O t) may be responsible for the amounts of NDE1A in these products (34). In fact, a nitrite-free commercial concentrate was shown to accumulate NDE1A up to about 10 0 days at which time the levels dropped dramatically (19). Inhibition of N0X contaminants may be an effective route to the inhibition of nitrosamine formation in metalworking fluids. 

As a consequence of the detection of catalytic pathways for formation of PCDD/F, special inhibition methods have been developed for PCDD/F. By this approach the catalytic reactions are blocked by adding special inhibitors as poisoning compounds for copper and other metal species in the fly ash. Special aliphatic amines (triethylamine) and alkanolamines (triethanolamine) have been found to be very efficient as inhibitors for PCDD/F, and have been used in pilot plants. The effect can be seen in Figure 8.6. The inhibitors have been introduced into the incinerator by spraying them into the postcombustion zone of the incinerator at about... 

Different organic and inorganic buffers, such as ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, HEPES, Gly-Gly, and triethanolamine, were selected to study the response of biotin and fluorescein-biotin in MS and compared to phosphate buffer. Biotin and fluorescein-biotin were dissolved in the carrier solution compositions of buffer (10 mM pH 7.5)/methanol (50 50, v/v) at concentrations of 10 ng pl k Both infusion and 20 pl-loop injection experiments were performed with detection by MS in full-scan and SIM mode. Main optimization criteria are the maximum response of biotin and fluorescein-biotin with lowest interference of the carrier solution. HEPES, Gly-Gly, and triethanolamine give very high background response, which significantly hampers the detection of biotin and fluorescein-... 

Triethanolamine complexes of chromium(iii) have been reported and characterized in i.r. spectra and thermal-decomposition studies. The chromium(iii) nitrilotriacetato-complex [CrL(H20)2] [L = N(CH2C02)3 ] complexes with thallium(iii) to give [ CrL3(0H)(H20) gTl] with a formation constant of 9 3 X 10 at 25 The hydrolysis and dimerization of [CrLlOHljV ... 

This category of admixture is based mainly on the major raw materials, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium formate [2] and calcium thiocyanate, with minor amounts of other materials occasionally being included in the formulations, such as calcium thiosulfate [3] and triethanolamine (TEA). TEA is not normally used alone but because it is sometimes used in other categories of admixture to compensate for retarding influences it will be included in this section. 

Table 5.6 Drying shrinkage of concretes containing calcium chloride, triethanolamine and calcium formate...

CoS was deposited at room temperature from a triethanolamine/ammonia-complexed solution of C0CI2 using thioacetamide as sulphur source [36]. Both compositional analysis (CoS 1.035) and XRD analysis showed the formation of CoS. From the optical spectrum, a direct bandgap of 0.62 eV was found. The films were p-type with a resistivity of ca. 10 fl-cm. 

Using a similar solution, films of either Ag or AgO were deposited on both glass and polyester film [41]. Addition of triethanolamine to a Ag solution caused initial precipitation (silver oxide or hydroxide), which redissolved in excess triethanolamine. Deposition from a solution where some precipitate remained resulted in AgO (possibly with some Ag20), while a solution where this precipitate was completely redissolved gave metallic Ag. The reducing action of the free triethanolamine present in the latter case may be the cause of the formation of metallic Ag. 

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