Toxicity safety factor

Health and Safety Factors. The following toxicities have been reported for cyanoacetic acid oral LD q (rat) 1500 mg/kg subcutaneous LD q (rabbit), 1900 mg/kg and subcutaneous LD q (frog) 1300 mg/kg (29). Eor ethyl cyanoacetate the following toxicities have been reported interperitoneal LD q (mice), 750 mg/kg subcutaneous LD q (rabbits), 1500 mg/kg and subcutaneous LD q (frogs), 4000 mg/kg. 

Health nd Safety Factors. Butenediol is noncorrosive and stable under normal handling conditions. It is a primary skin irritant but not a sensitizer contact with skin and eyes should be avoided. It is much less toxic than butynediol. The LD q is 1.25 mL/kg for white rats and 1.25—1.5 mL/kg for guinea pigs. 

Health and Safety Factors. Butanediol is much less toxic than its unsaturated analogs. It is neither a primary skin irritant nor a sensitizer. Because of its low vapor pressure, there is ordinarily no inhalation problem. As with all chemicals, unnecessary exposure should be avoided. The LD q for white rats is 1.55 g/kg. 

Health and Safety Factors. Boron trifluoride is primarily a pulmonary irritant. The toxicity of the gas to humans has not been reported (58), but laboratory tests on animals gave results ranging from an increased pneumonitis to death. The TLV is 1 ppm (59,60). Inhalation toxicity studies in rats have shown that exposure to BF at 17 mg/m resulted in renal toxicity, whereas exposure at 6 mg/m did not result in a toxic response (61). Prolonged inhalation produced dental fluorosis (62). High concentrations bum the skin similarly to acids such as HBF and, if the skin is subject to prolonged exposure, the treatment should be the same as for fluoride exposure and hypocalcemia. No chronic effects have been observed in workers exposed to small quantities of the gas at frequent intervals over a period of years. 

Health and Safety Factors. The low solubiUty of calcium fluoride reduces the potential problem of fluoride-related toxicity. Water saturated with calcium fluoride has a fluoride concentration of 8.1 ppm as compared to the recommended water fluoridation level of 1 ppm fluoride ion. However, because the solubiUty of calcium fluoride ia stomach acid is higher, continued oral ingestion of calcium fluoride could produce symptoms of fluorosis. The adopted TWA limit for fluorides as F is 2.5 mg/m (68,69). 

Health and Safety Factors. Sulfur hexafluoride is a nonflammable, relatively unreactive gas that has been described as physiologically inert (54). The current OSHA standard maximum allowable concentration for human exposure in air is 6000 mg/m (1000 ppm) TWA (55). The Underwriters Laboratories classification is Toxicity Group VI. It should be noted, however, that breakdown products of SF, produced by electrical decomposition of the gas, are toxic. If SF is exposed to electrical arcing, provision should be made to absorb the toxic components by passing the gas over activated alumina, soda-lime, or molecular sieves (qv) (56). 

Health and Safety Factors. Completely fluorinated alkanes are essentially nontoxic (16). Rats exposed for four hours to 80% perfluorocyclobutane and 20% oxygen showed only slight effects on respiration, but no pathological changes in organs. However, some fluorochemicals, especially functionalized derivatives and fluoroolefins, can be lethal. Monofluoroacetic acid and perfluoroisobutylene [382-21-8] are notoriously toxic (16). 

Health and Safety Factors. The toxicity of aHphatic CFCs and HCFCs generally decreases as the number of fluorine atoms increases (16), as shown in Table 7, but there are exceptions as in the case of 141b vs 142b. Also, some derivatives like HCFC-132b can have low acute but high chronic toxicides (29). 

Health and Safety Factors. Fluorocarbons containing bromine or iodine are more toxic than the corresponding chloro compounds. When the ratio of the fluorine to other halogens is high, the toxicity can be quite low, especially for bromofluorocarbons. Perfluoro-l-bromooctane [423-55-2] has an LD q of greater than 64 mL/kg when adininistered into the gastrointestinal tract, and has Htde effect when instilled into the lungs (49). Other examples are included in Table 7. 

Health and Safety Factors. Unlike fluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid presents no unusual toxicity problems. However, owing to its strong acidity, its vapors can be irritating to tissue, and the Hquid acid can cause deep bums if allowed to contact the skin. The acid can be safely stored in containers made of glass or common corrosion-resistant alloys and metals such as stainless steel or alurninum. 

Health and Safety Factors. VDE is a flammable gas its combustion products are toxic. Liquid VDE on contact with the skin can cause frostbite. Acute inhalation toxicity of VDE is low median lethal concentrations (LC q) for rats were 128,000 ppm after a single 4-h exposure (52) and 800,000 ppm after a 30-min exposure (53). Cumulative toxicity is low exposure of rats and mice at levels of up to 50,000 ppm for 90 days did not cause any... 

Health and Safety Factors. MEK is slightly more toxic than acetone, but is not considered highly toxic, and nor does it exhibit cumulative toxicological properties. The OSHA time weighted average iu air is 200 ppm other measured toxicity values are shown iu Table 3. Methyl ethyl ketone is highly flammable. 

Health nd Safety Factors. Isophorone is considered moderately toxic by ingestion and skin contact. Some rat tumor formation evidence has been found (264), but no demonstration as a human carcinogen has been proven. Isophorone is considered an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) priority pollutant, and has a permissible acute toxicity concentration of 117, 000 ///L to protect freshwater aquatic life, 12, 900 ///L to protect saltwater aquatic life, and 5, 200 ///L to protect human life (265). Isophorone is mildly toxic by inhalation, but because of its low volatiUty it is not a serious vapor hazard. 

Despite the benefits of lead and lead ahoys, the use of these materials is declining rapidly, owing primarily to environmental health and safety factors. Eor many years, lead ahoys were the materials of choice for many corrosive environments, but are now being replaced by stainless steel, plastics, and exotic metals. The toxic nature of lead requires special precautions and handling not necessary with other materials. These requirements have reduced the usage of lead ahoys. 

Health nd Safety Factors. The mononitrochlorobenzenes are toxic substances which may be absorbed through the skin and lungs giving rise to methemoglobin. Their toxicity is about the same as or greater than that of nitrobenzene. The para isomer is less toxic than the ortho isomer, and the maximum allowable concentration that has been adopted for -nitrochlorobenzene is 1 mg/m (0.1 ppm) (6). The mononitrochlorobenzenes are moderate fire hazards when exposed to heat or flame. They ate classified by the ICC as Class-B poisons. The same handling precautions should be used for these compounds as are used for nitrobenzene. 

Health and Safety Factors. The toxic effects of the mononitrotoluenes are similar to but less pronounced than those described for nitrobenzene. The maximum allowable concentration for the mononitrotoluenes is 2 ppm (11 mg/m ) (6). Mononitrotoluenes are low grade methemoglobin formers (4) and may be absorbed through the skin and respiratory tract. The toxicity of alkyl nitrobenzenes decreases with an increasing... 

Health and Safety Factors. Terephthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 4 wk produced no fatahties at a dust exposure level of 25 mg/m. The mean acute oral toxicity for rats is over 18 g/kg (86), and for mice over 6 g/kg (87). When terephthahc acid was fed as 3% of the diet to rats, urinary calcuh formed in 90 d, some of which led to cancer. High doses of terephthahc acid lead to formation of calcium terephthalate at levels exceeding its solubihty in urine. This insoluble material leads to the calcuh and provides a threshold below which cancer is not observed (88). Normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with terephthahc acid. If ventilation is inadequate, a toxic-dust respirator should be used to avoid prolonged exposure. 

Health and Safety Factors. Isophthahc acid has a low order of toxicity. Inhalation by rats for 4 h at 11.4 g/m showed no toxicity. The LD -level for rats is high at 10.4 g/kg (96). As with terephthahc acid, isophthahc acid was found to form urinary tract calcuh in rats in 90 d when it constituted 3% of their diet. This led to some cancer owing to the presence of the calcuh. Some mild eye irritation is possible, so eye protection should be worn. Otherwise, normal precautions used in handling industrial chemicals should be observed with isophthahc acid. 

Health and Safety Factors. Ttimesic acid is an irritant to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system (140). It is mildly toxic when iagested. The oral LD q ia tats has been reported as 8.4 g/kg (141). Ttimesic acid is flammable, and precautions similar to those noted for tetephthaUc acid and isophthahc acid as regards dust clouds and fire extinguishing agents should be followed. 

Health and Safety Factors. Animal-feeding studies of DMPPO itself have shown it to be nontoxic on ingestion. The solvents, catalyst, and monomers that are used to prepare the polymers, however, should be handled with caution. Eor example, for the preparation of DMPPO, the amines used as part of the catalyst are flammable toxic on ingestion, absorption, and inhalation and are also severe skin and respiratory irritants (see Amines). Toluene, a solvent for DMPPO, is not a highly toxic material in inhalation testing the TLV (71) is set at 375 mg/m, and the lowest toxic concentration is reported to be 100—200 ppm (72). Toxicity of 2,6-dimethylphenol is typical of alkylphenols (qv), eg, for mice, the acute dermal toxicity is LD q, 4000 mg/kg, whereas the acute oral toxicity is LD q, 980 mg/kg (73). The Noryl blends of DMPPO and polystyrene have PDA approval for reuse food apphcations. 

Health and Safety Factors. Phloroglucinol has low toxicity by ingestion. Prolonged severe overexposure may dismpt the thyroid function. High dust concentration may cause respiratory irritation the product is irritating to eyes and skin. Toxicity data include LD q oral (rat) = 5800 mg/kg ... 

Health and Safety Factors. Results of acute oral toxicity studies of 2-pyrrohdinone on white rats and guinea pigs show the LD q to be 6.5 ml,/kg. Skin patch tests on 200 human subjects indicate that 2-pyrrohdinone is a skin kritant, but there is no indication of sensitising action. It is a mild eye irritant (79). 

Health and Safety Factors. l-Meth5l-2-pyrrobdinone is less toxic than many other dipolar aprotic solvents. The LD q for white rats is 4.2 mL/kg. Although it does not appear to be a sensitising agent, prolonged contact with skin should be avoided. It is a moderate eye irritant. 

It is necessary to determine the bioburden and make cycle verification studies when ethylene oxide sterilization is used, as it is for other sterilization methods. The manufacturer of hospital sterilization equipment provides cycle recommendations based on the expected bioburden and the consideration of an appropriate safety factor. In ethylene oxide sterilization, it is necessary to determine if residues of the stefilant are absorbed by the sterilized article, and to examine the possible formation of other potentially toxic materials as a result of reaction with ethylene oxide. 

Health and Safety Factors. The strontium ion has a low order of toxicity, and strontium compounds are remarkably free of toxic hazards. Chemically, strontium is similar to calcium, and strontium salts, like calcium salts, are not easily absorbed by the intestinal tract. Strontium carbonate has no commonly recognized hazardous properties. Strontium nitrate is regulated as an oxidizer that promotes rapid burning of combustible materials, and it should not be stored in areas of potential fire hazards. 

Sugar is one of the purest foods made, from natural sources, and has never been known to contain any toxic or harmful components. Intensive investigations by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration resulted in a book in 1986 on the health and safety factors of sugar (cane and beet) in the diet (18). The conclusion was that sugar has no deleterious effect on health in regard to heart disease, diabetes, or other metaboHc disorder. 

Health and Safety Factors. Carbonyl sulfide is dangerously poisonous, more so because it is practically odorless when pure. It is lethal to rats at 2900 ppm. Studies show an LD q (rat, ip) of 22.5 mg/kg. The mechanism of toxic action appears to iavolve breakdowa to hydrogea sulfide (36). It acts principally on the central nervous system with death resulting mainly from respiratory paralysis. Little is known regarding the health effects of subacute or chronic exposure to carbonyl sulfide a 400-p.g/m max level has been suggested until more data are available (37). Carbon oxysulfide has a reported inhalation toxicity in mice LD q (mouse) = 2900 ppm (37). 

Health and Safety Factors. Sulfur monochloride is highly toxic and irritating by inhalation, and is corrosive to skin and eyes (156). The OSHA permissible exposure limit is 1 ppm (6 mg/m ). Pulmonary edema may result from inhalation. Because its vapor cannot be tolerated even at low concentrations, its presence serves as a warning factor. Sulfur monochloride is not highly flammable, having flash poiats of 118°C (closed-cup) and 130°C (open-cup) and an auto-ignition temperature of 234°C. 

Health and Safety Factors. Sulfuryl chloride is both corrosive to the skin and toxic upon inhalation. The TLV suggested by the manufacturer is 1 ppm. The vapors irritate the eyes and upper respiratory tract, causing prompt symptoms ranging from coughing to extreme bronchial irritation and pulmonary edema. The DOT label is Corrosive, Poison. 

Health and Safety Factors. Sodium metabisulfite is nonflammable, but when strongly heated it releases sulfur dioxide. The oral acute toxicity is slight and the LD q (rat, oral) is 2 g/kg. Sodium bisulfite appears to be weakly mutagenic to some bacteria, ia rodent embryos, and ia a human lymphocyte test. There is iaadequate evidence for carciaogenicity (183,343). 

Health and Safety Factors. MSC has a vapor toxicity on mice of LD q 4.7 mg/L. It is a lachrymator and in order to prevent contact with eyes, goggles should be worn. It is also corrosive to skin and therefore chemically resistant gloves and protective clothing should be worn to prevent contact with skin. Containers should only be opened where there is adequate ventilation. 

Health and Safety Factors. MSA is a strong toxic acid and is corrosive to skin. The acute oral toxicity of the sodium salt in mice LD q is 6.2 g/kg. The 1976 edition of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances Hsts certain reaction products of MSA as having suspected mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic activity (410). 

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