Toxicity of zinc

Admrraal W, Blanck H, Buckert-de Jong M, Guasch H, Ivorra N, Lehmann V, Nystrom BAH, Paulsson M, Sabater S (1999) Short-term toxicity of zinc to microbenthic algae and bacteria in a small polluted stream. Wat Res 33 1989... 

Peters, W. J., Jackson, R. W. Smith, D. C. (1974). Studies of the stability and toxicity of zinc polyacrylate cements (PA2). Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 8, 53-60. 

Negilski, D.S. 1976. Acute toxicity of zinc, cadmium and chromium to the marine fishes, yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri C. V.) and small-mouthed hardyhead Atherinasoma microstoma Whitley). Austral. Jour. Mar. Freshwater Res. 27 137-149. 

Casas, A.M. and E.A. Crecelius. 1994. Relationship between acid volatile sulfide and toxicity of zinc, lead and copper in marine sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 529-536. 

Falandysz, J., W. Kotecka, and K. Kannan. 1994. Mercury, lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, iron and zinc concentrations in poultry, rabbit and sheep from the northern part of Poland. Sci. Total Environ. 141 51-57. Fernandez, T.V. and N.V. Jones. 1990. Studies on the toxicity of zinc and copper applied singly and jointly to Nereis diversicolor at different salinities and temperatures. Trop. Ecol. 31 47-55. 

Rombaugh, P.J. 1985. The influence of the zona radiata on the toxicities of zinc, lead, mercury, copper and silver ions to embryos of steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82C 115-117. 

Brungs, W.A. 1969. Chronic toxicity of zinc to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 98 272-279. 

Eisler, R. 1967. Acute toxicity of zinc to the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Chesapeake Sci. 8 262-264. Eisler, R. 1977a. Acute toxicities of selected heavy metals to the softshell clam, Mya arenaria. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 137-145. 

Everall, N.C., N.A.A. Macfarlane, and R.W. Sedgwick. 1989a. The interactions of water hardness and pH with the acute toxicity of zinc to the brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Jour. Fish Biol. 35 27-36. 

Hodson, P.V. and J.B. Sprague. 1975. Temperature-induced changes in acute toxicity of zinc to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 32 1-10. 

Llobet, J.M., J.L. Domingo, M.T. Colomina, E. Mayayo, and J. Corbella. 1988a. Subchronic oral toxicity of zinc in rats. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41 36-43. 

Skidmore, J.F. 1964. Toxicity of zinc compounds to aquatic animals, with special reference to fish. Quart. Rev. Biol. 39 227-248. 

Smit, C.E. and C.A.M. Van Gestel. 1998. Effects of soil type, prepercolation, and ageing on bioaccumulation and toxicity of zinc for the springtail Folsoma Candida. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 1132-1141. 

Solbe, J.F.D.L.G. and V.A. Flook. 1975. Studies on the toxicity of zinc sulphate and of cadmium sulphate to stone loach Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) in hard water. Jour. Fish Biol. 7 631-637. 

Verriopoulos, G. and M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou. 1989. Toxicity of zinc to the marine copepod Tisbe holothuriae, the importance of the food factor.Arch. Hydrobiol. 114 457-463. 

A number of studies of the toxicity of zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke have been conducted (Brown et al. 1990 Karlsson et al. 1986 Marrs et al. 1983). These studies demonstrate that smoke exposure results in pulmonary inflammation and irritation. When male Porton Wistar rats were exposed to hexachloroethane/zinc oxide smoke for 60 minutes, the lungs showed pulmonary edema, alveolitis, and areas of macrophage infiltration 3 days later. At 14 days, there was interstitial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. At 28 days, increased fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were noted. However, these same symptoms occurred when the animals inhaled zinc chloride there was no apparent synergism between the zinc chloride and residual hexachloroethane (Brown et al. 1990 Richard et al. 1989). This is consistent with the fact that smoke contains little hexachloroethane and the observation that acute exposure to 260 ppm hexachloroethane had no effects on the lungs of rats (Weeks et al. 1979). 

Hemalatha, S. and Banerjee, T.K. Histopathological analysis of sublethal toxicity of zinc chloride to the respiratory organs of the air breathing catfish 7/eferopneusfesAssi/is (Bloch), Biol Res., 30(1) 11-121, 1997. 

Shivanandappa, T., Ramesh, H.P., and Krishnakumari, M.K. Rodenticidal poisoning of non-target animals acute oral toxicity of zinc phosphide to poultry, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 23(4/5) 452-455, 1979. 

Zinc salts rapidly generate zinc hydroxide or salt protective films on cathodic surfaces when they are added to cooling water. They are generally used in conjunction with other corrosion inhibitors, such as organophosphates. BETZ manufacturers a combination HEDP-zinc inhibitor. They have also been used with chromate systems to inhibit the chromate concentrations required. A disadvantage of zinc is its tendency to precipitate in pH environments greater than 8.0 (Roti 1985). While the toxicity of zinc to humans is far lower than that of chromium, its toxicity to marine and aquatic life is high. 

McHardy, B. M. and J. J. George. 1990. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of zinc in the green alga, Cladophora glomerata. Environ. Pollut. 66 55-66. 

Moni, S. and S, Manohar-Dhas. 1989. Effects of water hardness on the toxicity of zinc to Sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters), Uttar Pradesh J. Zool. 9(2) 263-270. 

Smit, C.E. and Van Gestel, C.A.M. (1996) Comparison of the toxicity of zinc for the springtail Folsomia Candida in artificially contaminated and polluted field soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 3, 127-136. 

Marrs TC, Colgrave HF, Edginton JAG et al. (1988). The repeated dose toxicity of zinc ox-ide/hexachloroethane smoke. Arch Toxicol, 62, 123-132. 

Shenker, J.M. and G.N. Cherr. 1990. Toxicity of zinc and bleached kraft mill effluent to larval English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 680-685. 

De Schamphelaere, K.A.C. and Janssen, C.R. (2004) Bio availability and chronic toxicity of zinc to juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) comparison with other fish species and development of a Biotic Ligand Model, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 38, pp. 6201-6209. 

The toxicity of zinc and most zinc-containing compounds is generally low and, with... 

The toxicity of zinc to plants in general is low, and is only observed on extremely acid soils (pH < 5.0) or in soils with an excessive zinc burden, for instance, on waste stock-... 

The available data on the toxicity of zinc to aquatic organisms are mainly old, not always reliable, and must be regarded as inadequate for establishing ambient water quality criteria (EPA 1980). 

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