Folsomia Candida

Lo Piparo, E., Smiesko, M., Mazzatorta, P., Jacqueline Indinger, Sylvia Bluemel, Benfenati, E. (2006). Preliminary analysis of toxicity of Benzoxazinones and their metabolites for Folsomia Candida. 54 1090-1104. 

Subagja, J. and R.J. Snider. 1981. The side effects of the herbicide atrazine and paraquat upon Folsomia Candida and Tullbergia granulata (Insecta, Collembola). Pedobiol. 22 141-152. 

ISO/FDIS 11267. Soil Quality - Inhibition of Reproduction of Collembola (Folsomia Candida) by Soil Pollutants, 1998. 

In a fashion similar to the discussion presented on organic chemicals, Baas et al. (2007) applied the 1-compartment model without TK interactions for the analysis of-time series survival data for the springtail Folsomia Candida exposed to binary mixtures of heavy metals. It must be stressed that no internal concentrations were measured in these experiments instead, the toxicokinetics parameters were solely determined from the survival pattern in time. In this case, the toxicity data were well described without assuming interactions, which stresses that even though we know that interactions on toxicokinetics can occur, this does not mean that they will significantly influence toxicity for every metal mixture in each organism. 

Recently, the stochastic approach of Bedaux and Kooijman (1994) has been extended to mixtures, and tested on the full dose-response surface of binary mixtures in time. This extension to mixtures was undertaken by Baas et al. (2007), who analyzed survival data for 6 binary mixtures of heavy metals in the springtail Folsomia Candida. The crucial aspect was that survival was scored daily over a period of 21 days. Because the approach used is a combined TK/TD approach, it is used to fit the survival data for all time steps simultaneously, using a set of 8 parameters. Note that in this approach the raw survival data were described, not just the... 

Figure 2.14 Example of the fit of a stochastic model to the effects of a mixture of copper and cadmium on the survival of the springtail Folsomia Candida. Only two time observations are shown, but the model is fit to all data for all time steps simultaneously. (After Baas et al. 2007.)...

Jager T, Crommentuijn T, Van Gestel CAM, Kooijman SALM. 2007. Chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos reveals two modes of action in the springtail Folsomia Candida. Environ Pollut 145 452 158. 

Smit CE, Van Gestel CAM. 1998. Effects of soil type, prepercolation, and ageing on bioaccumulation and toxicity of zinc for the springtail Folsomia Candida. Environ Toxicol Chem 17 1132-1141. 

Interactions also occur with soil animals and Klironomos and Hart (2001) have recently demonstrated that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor can kill the soil micro-arthropod Folsomia Candida, take... 

Warnock, A. J., Fitter, A. H. Usher, M. B. (1982). The influence of a springtail Folsomia Candida (Insecta, Collembola) on the mycorrhizal association of leek Allium porrum and the vesicular-mycorrhizal endophyte Glomus fasciculatus. New Phytologist, 90, 285-92. 

Crommentuijn, G.H., Doodeman, C.J.A.M., Doomekamp, A. and Van Gestel, C.A.M. (1997) Life-table study with the springtail Folsomia Candida (Wilem) exposed to cadmium, chlor-pyrifos and triphenyl tin hydroxide. In Ecological Principles for Risk Assessment of Contaminants in Soil, pp. 275-291. Chapman and Hall, London. 

Sandifer, R.D. and Hopkin, S.P. (1996) Effects of pH on the toxicity of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc to Folsomia Candida Willem, 1902 (Collembola) in a standard laboratory test... 

Smit, C.E. and Van Gestel, C.A.M. (1996) Comparison of the toxicity of zinc for the springtail Folsomia Candida in artificially contaminated and polluted field soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 3, 127-136. 

Thompson, A.R. and F.L. Gore. 1972. Toxicity of twenty-nine insecticides to Folsomia Candida laboratory studies.. Econ. Entomol. 65 1255-1260. 

In risk assessment it is necessary to do extensive extrapolations. In human toxicology, we must extrapolate to man from experiments done on animals such as rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Even experiments performed on cells and bacteria are used in the assessment, which makes extrapolation even more extensive. In ecotoxicology we must extrapolate from one or few organisms, such as the most popular test organisms (e.g., the crayfish Daph-nia magna, the earthworm Eisenia fetida, or the collembolan Folsomia Candida) to all species in the environment. We must also extrapolate from laboratory experiments to the field situation. 

Wiles, J.A. Krogh, P.H. (1998) Tests with the Collembolans Isotoma viridis, Folsomia Candida and Folsomia fimetaria, in Handbook of Soil Invertebrate Toxicity Tests. H. Lokke and C.A.M. Van Gestel (eds), John Wiley Sons, Chichester, pp. 131—156. 

The effects of nitramine EM on soil invertebrates are summarized in Table 3.3. Studies with RDX or HMX showed no adverse effect on survival of adult earthworms Eisenia fetida Savigny up to 500 mg kg-1 in artificial soil or in natural soils [41,42], Survival of adult E. andrei Bouche was unaffected up to 756 mg kg1 RDX in artificial soil in a study by Robidoux et al. [43], These authors [43] observed significant adverse effects of RDX on the reproduction (productivity of hatched cocoons and juveniles number of juveniles per hatched cocoon) at 189 mg kg-1 and on production of juveniles (total number, mass, and number per cocoon) at 95 mg kg1. Schafer and Achazi [44] reported no effects on mortality and reproduction of enchytraeid worm (potworm) Enchytraeus albidus Henle and collembola Folsomia Candida Willem... 

The ecotoxicological data selected for developing soil invertebrate-based ETVs that can be proposed as screening concentrations for RDX, HMX, CL-20, TNT, 2,4-DNT, 2,6-DNT, and TNB are summarized in Table 12.3. These toxicity benchmark values were established in definitive tests with the soil invertebrates earthworm Eisenia fetida [33], potworm Enchytraeus crypticus [34], and collembola Folsomia Candida [35], These species are representative surrogates of species that normally inhabit a wide range of site soils and geographical areas. Reproduction measurement endpoints in these tests were more sensitive compared with adult survival [24-28,31] and were consequently used for derivation of proposed soil invertebrate-based ETVs. These endpoints included cocoon production and juvenile production for earthworms, and juvenile production for potworms and collembola. 

Earthworm (Eisenia fetida) Potworm (Enchytraeus crypticus) Collembolan (Folsomia Candida)... 

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