Biotic ligand model

Campbell, P. G. C., Errecalde, O., Fortin, C., Hiriart-Baer, W. R. and Yigneault, B. (2002). Metal bioavailability to phytoplankton - applicability of the biotic ligand model, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 133, 189-206. 

In an extension of the FIAM model, the biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals assumes that a given toxic effect occurs when the concentration of metal bound to biotic ligands exceeds a certain threshold concentration [203-205]. This model has been successfully applied to rationalise toxicity data from fish and Daphnia. Although the identity and abundance of biotic ligands is not known, modelling has revealed that the critical biotic ligand concentrations are much lower in Crustacea than in fish [203,204],... 

Santore, R. C., Di Toro, D. M., Paquin, P. R., Allen, H. E. and Meyer, J. S. (2001). Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 2. Application to acute copper toxicity in freshwater fish and Daphnia, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 2397-2402. 

When biological uptake does not perturb the external medium, then /int can be given by equation (35). As discussed above, this limiting condition is assumed to occur in both the free-ion activity and biotic ligand models. When Ka[M] < 1, then (cf. equation (7)) ... 

Alsop, D. H. and Wood, C. M. (2000). Kinetic analysis of zinc accumulation in the gills of juvenile rainbow trout effects of zinc acclimatation and implications for biotic ligand modeling, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 19, 1911-1918. 

Hassler, C. S., Slaveykova, V. I. and Wilkinson, K. J. (2004). Some fundamental (and often overlooked) considerations underlying the free ion activity and biotic ligand models, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., in press. 

Mathew, R., Wu, KB. and Santore, R.C. (2005) Predicting sediment metal toxicity using a sediment biotic ligand model methodology and initial application. Environ Toxicol Chem, 24,... 

DiToro, D.M., Allen, H.E., Bergman, H.L., Meyer, J.S., Paquin, P R. and Santore, R.C. (2000) A biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical basis, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 2383-2396. 

Bossuyt BTA, De Schamphelaere K AC, Janssen CR. 2004. Using the biotic ligand model for predicting the acute sensitivity of cladoceran dominated communities to copper in natural surface waters. Environ Sci Technol 38 5030-5037. 

De Schamphelaere KAC, Janssen CR. 2002. A biotic ligand model predicting acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna the effects of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and pH. Environ Sci Technol 36 48-54. 

Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Bergman HL, Meyer JS, Paquin RR, Santore RC. 2001a. Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. I. Technical basis. Environ Toxicol Chem 20 2383-2396. 

Gorsuch JW, Janssen CR, Lee CM, Reiley MC, editors. 2002. The biotic ligand model for metals current research, future directions, regulatory implications. Comp Biochem Physiol C 133 1-343. 

HydroQual Inc. 2005. The Biotic Ligand Model and BLM-Monte. http //www.hydroqual. com/wr blm.html (accessed February 15, 2006). 

Steenbergen NTTM, Iaccino F, de Winkel M, Reijnders L, Peijnenburg W. 2005. Development of a biotic ligand model and a regression model predicting acute copper toxicity to the earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. Environ Sci Technol 39 5694-5702. 

Thakali S, Allen HE, Di Toro DM, Ponizovsky AA, Rooney CP, Zhao F-J, McGrath SP. 2006b. A terrestrial biotic ligand model. 1. Development and application to Cu and Ni toxicities to barley root elongation in soils. Environ Sci Technol 40 7085-7093. 

Figure 15.4 Schematic of the biotic ligand model. (Modified from Di Toro et al., 2001.)...

A biotic ligand model (BLM) has been introduced to describe a characterized site where the metal reaches a critical concentration at the metal-ligand site, which in fish, would be located in the gills. In essence, the BLM is used to predict metal interactions at the biotic ligand site in the context of other competing reactions in aqueous environments. 

Biotic ligand model (BLM) model used to describe a characterized site where the metal reaches a critical concentration at the metal-ligand site,... 

Heijerick, D.G., De Schamphelaere, A.C., and Janssen, C.R. (2002) Predicting acute toxicity for Daphnia magna as a function of key chemistry characteristics development and validation of a biotic ligand model. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 1309-1315. 

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