Macrophage infiltration

Decreased macrophage infiltration and demyelination Decreased CD4+ T cell trafficking into the CNS, impaired viral clearance No effect on CD8+ T cell trafficking into the CNS Enhanced fatality with delayed CD 8+ T cell infiltration No effect CCR5A32 not protective... 

Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kotani K, Hiasa K, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Miyachi H, Maeda S, Egashira K, Kasuga M (2006) MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Qin Invest 116 1494-1505 Kaul M, Garden GA, Lipton SA (2001) Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia. Nature 410 988-994... 

Okuma T, Terasaki Y, Kaikita K, et al. C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) deficiency improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by attenuation of both macrophage infiltration and production of macrophage-derived matrix metallo-proteinases. J Pathol 2004 204(5) 594-604. 

A number of studies of the toxicity of zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke have been conducted (Brown et al. 1990 Karlsson et al. 1986 Marrs et al. 1983). These studies demonstrate that smoke exposure results in pulmonary inflammation and irritation. When male Porton Wistar rats were exposed to hexachloroethane/zinc oxide smoke for 60 minutes, the lungs showed pulmonary edema, alveolitis, and areas of macrophage infiltration 3 days later. At 14 days, there was interstitial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. At 28 days, increased fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were noted. However, these same symptoms occurred when the animals inhaled zinc chloride there was no apparent synergism between the zinc chloride and residual hexachloroethane (Brown et al. 1990 Richard et al. 1989). This is consistent with the fact that smoke contains little hexachloroethane and the observation that acute exposure to 260 ppm hexachloroethane had no effects on the lungs of rats (Weeks et al. 1979). 

One approach to examining inflammation is the assay reported by Elgebaly et al. (1987) for the release of chemotactic factors. Earlier work has elegantly shown that neutrophil or macrophage infiltration from either the endothelial or epithelial surface... 

Welt EG, Edehnan ER, Simon DI, Rogers C. Neutrophil, not macrophage, infiltration precedes neointimal thickening in ballon-injured arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2000 20 2553-2558. 

Respiratory effects typically associated with inhalation of particulates and lung overload have been observed in animals. The pulmonary toxicity of alchlor (a propylene glycol complex of aluminum chlorhydrate), a common component of antiperspirants, was examined in hamsters in a series of studies conducted by Drew et al. (1974). A 3-day exposure to 31 or 33 mg Al/m3 resulted in moderate-to-marked thickening of the alveolar walls due to neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and small granulomatous foci at the bronchioloalveolar junction (a likely site of particulate deposition). A decrease in the severity of the pulmonary effects was observed in animals killed 3, 6, 10, or 27 days after exposure termination. Similar pulmonary effects were observed in rabbits exposed to 43 mg Al/m3 for 5 days (Drew et al. 

Moreno PR, Bernardi VH, Lopez-CuellarJ, etal. Macrophage infiltration predicts restenosis after coronary intervention in patients with unstable angina. Circulation 1996 94 3098-3 102. 

Moreno PR, Murcia AM, Palacios Ip et al. Coronary composition and macrophage infiltration in atherectomy specimens from patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2000 102 2180-2184. 

Lymphocytes and leukocytes also infiltrate into the injured region after nerve injury (Morin et al., 2007 Thacker et al., 2007). It was demonstrated that T-cells infiltrated into the injured nerve at the same time or before macrophage infiltration, and promoted macrophage chemotaxis (Kleinschnitz et al., 2006). There are no reports showing lymphocyte infiltration in the PNS after... 

Peters, C. M., Jimenez-Andrade, J. M., Jonas, B. M., Sevcik, M. A., Koewler, N. J., Ghilardi, J. R., Wong, G. Y., and Mantyh, P. W. (2007). Intravenous paclitaxel administration in the rat induces a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by macrophage infiltration and injury to sensory neurons and their supporting cells. Exp. Neurol. 203, 42—54. 

Rat (Wistar) 30 - 90 d 7 d/wk 22 hr/d Resp 0.05d M (increased lung weight, hyperplasia, macrophage infiltration, increased protein, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase in BAL fluid) Glaser et al. 1990 Na2Cr2072H20 (VI)... 

Figure 3 Adipokine expression and secretion by adipose tissue in insulin-resistant, obese subjects. Obesity results in adipose tissue inflammation with macrophage infiltration. This result leads to 1) a decrease in adiponectin, which si an anti-inflammatory adipokine, that is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and plays a protective role on the vasculature and 2) an increase in inflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL-6, and resistin) which causes insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. From Reference 47 with permission.

Caicedo A, Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Pina Y, Hernandez EP, Cousins SW (2005) Blood-derived macrophages infiltrate the retina and activate Muller glial cells under experimental choroidal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 81 38-47. 

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