Hexachloroethane smoke

A number of studies of the toxicity of zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke have been conducted (Brown et al. 1990 Karlsson et al. 1986 Marrs et al. 1983). These studies demonstrate that smoke exposure results in pulmonary inflammation and irritation. When male Porton Wistar rats were exposed to hexachloroethane/zinc oxide smoke for 60 minutes, the lungs showed pulmonary edema, alveolitis, and areas of macrophage infiltration 3 days later. At 14 days, there was interstitial fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. At 28 days, increased fibrosis and macrophage infiltration were noted. However, these same symptoms occurred when the animals inhaled zinc chloride there was no apparent synergism between the zinc chloride and residual hexachloroethane (Brown et al. 1990 Richard et al. 1989). This is consistent with the fact that smoke contains little hexachloroethane and the observation that acute exposure to 260 ppm hexachloroethane had no effects on the lungs of rats (Weeks et al. 1979). 

Hexachloroethane may be released to soil by industrial sources and from hazardous waste sites at which this chemical has been detected. It may be also be released to soil from the use of hexachloroethane smoke and pyrotechnic devices via deposition of airborne particulates (see Section 5.3.1) (Cataldo et al. 1989) or ejection of partially reacted compounds from the canister by the force of combustion (Schaeffer et al. 1988). 

Brown RF, Marrs TC, Rice P, et al. 1990. The histopathology of rat lung following exposure to zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke or instillation with zinc chloride followed by treatment with 70% oxygen. Environ Health Perspect 85 81-87. 

Clode SA, Riley RA, Blowers SD, et al. 1991. Studies on the mutagenicity of a zinc oxide-hexachloroethane smoke. Human Experimental Toxicology 10 49-57. 

Henry MC, Barkley JJ, Rowlett CD. 1981. Mammalian toxicologic evaluation of hexachloroethane smoke mixture and red phosphorus. Frederick, MD U.S. Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory. Final Report. ADA 1095 83. 

Katz S, Snelson A, Farlow R, et al. 1980. Physical and chemical characterization of fog oil smoke and hexachloroethane smoke. Chicago, IL IIT Research Institute. 

Marrs TC, Colgrave HF, Edginton JA, et al. 1988. The repeated dose toxicity of a zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke. Arch Toxicol 62 123-132. 

Novak EW, Lave LB, Strukel JJ, et al. 1987. A revised health risk assessment for the use of hexachloroethane smoke on an Army training area. Champaign, IL U.S. Army Construction, USA-CERL TR N-87/26. 

Richard RJ, Atkins J, Marrs TC, et al. 1989. The biochemical and pathological changes produced by the intratracheal instillation of certain components of zinc-hexachloroethane smoke. Toxicology 54 79-88. 

Spanggord RJ, Chou TW, Mill T, et al. 1985. Environmental fate of nitroguanidine, diethyleneglycol dinitrate, and hexachloroethane smoke. Menlo Park, CA SRI International. 

For munitions contg HC (hexachloroethane) smoke fillings, the reaction should be hot and preferably produce Some slag, but only little gas... 

Type 95 50-mm Smoke Mortar Shell was a forged steel cylinder with conical nose housing a Fuze. It contd 3.7 oz Hexachloroethane Smoke Mixture and was fired by NC-DPhA flaked proplnt.. Fired from Type 89 Grenade Discharger (pp 374—75, Fig 297)... 

DeVaull, G.E., Dunn, W.E., Liljegren, J.C., and Polycastro, A.J., Analysis, methods and results of hexachloroethane smoke dispersion experiments conducted as part of Atterbury-87 field studies. Report Ad-A216048, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 1989. 

Loh, C.-H., Chang, Y.-W., Lion, S.-H., Chang, J.-H., and Chen, H.-L, Case report hexachloroethane smoke inhalation a rare cause of severe hepatic injuries. Environ. Health Perspect., 114, 763-765, 2006. Macaulay, M.B. and Mant, A.K., Smoke-bomb poisoning. A fatal case following the inhalation of zinc chloride... 

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