Toxic fatty acids

The tuft-forming green alga Cladophora glomerata synthesizes a wide variety of toxic fatty acids, including capric and palmitoleic acids, which have been demonstrated to be insecticidal and allelopathic (Dodds and Gudder 1992). 

Supplementing the diet with carnitine may stimulate the uptake of long-chain fatty acids into affected cells. Fatty acid oxidation within the mitochondrion will generate acetyl-CoA, which when oxidized in the TCA cycle will produce NADH and FADH2 to feed into the ETC. Carnitine also shuttles potentially toxic fatty acid catabolic by-products out of the mitochondrial matrix to the kidney for excretion in the urine. 

Palmer, C. N. A., Axen, E., Hughes, V., and Wolf, C. R., 1998, The repressor protein, Bm3Rl, mediates an adaptive response to toxic fatty acids in Bacillus megaterium, J. Biol. Chem. 273 18109918116. 

Several treatment agents of wine yeast cell walls, sodium caseinate, gelatin, bentonite were evaluated for their potential to bind with aroma compounds. The loss of sensory properties of wine, especially flavor modification, is partly caused by protein stabilization treatments with fining agents or ultrafiltration processing of wine (IS 14). Yeast cell walls are used in sluggish or stuck wine fermentation the effect on fermentation has been explained by the adsorption of toxic fatty acids present in the growth medium (15). Therefore yeast walls are also assumed to bind aroma compounds. 

Some of the symptoms once ascribed to hypoglycemia are now believed to be caused by the accumulation of toxic fatty acid intermediates, especially in those... 

The formation of ketone bodies is useful in allowing the liver to dispose of large quantities of potentially toxic fatty acids without increasing its overall energy production. Thus in experiments with isolated perfused livers it was found that (1) the greater the quantity of fatty acids supplied, the greater the ketone body production (2) the proportions of acetyl-CoA that were used for oxidation and for ketone body production were adjusted so that the total ATP production from the fatty acids was kept constant. 

Suspended solids also supply yeasts with nutritional elements and adsorb certain metabolic inhibitors. In fact, these two effects are related and significant The lipid fraction of suspended solids provides the principal nutritional supply (Section 13.5.1)—in particular, long chain unsaturated fatty acids (Cig) that the yeast can incorporate into its own membrane phospholipids. Sugar and amino acid transport systems across the yeast membrane are conseqnently improved. Due to their hydrophobic Upid content suspended solids are capable of adsorbing toxic inhibitive fatty acids freed in the jnice during alcoholic fermentation (Cg, Cio, C12). The combination of these two effects (lipidic nutrition and toxic fatty acid adsorption) produces a survival factor effect for yeasts (Section 3.5.2) (Ollivier et al., 1987 Alexandre et al., 1994). 

This compartmentatlon would be lost during maceration of the tissue, as was demonstrated in corn seedlings by the five-fold increase in o-ketol concentration within ten minutes after mincing the tissue (33). It could be that Isomerases function to convert excess toxic fatty acid hydroperoxides to Innocuous ketol products as a protective mechanism. 

In addition yeast cell walls, obtained by separating the soluble yeast extract from the insoluble cell wall after autolysis, detoxify the medium by absorbing the toxic fatty acids. They are added to wine for the promotion of MLF (Lafon-Lafourcade et al. 1983). 

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

Chromium complexes of long-chain fatty acids are exceUent water repeUents which are also used for their food-release properties in certain packaging appHcations. The presence of chromium has raised environmental concerns, despite the fact that the metal is in the trivalent rather than in the highly toxic hexavalent state. This material is available as Qudon (DuPont). 

Toxicity, chemicals and, 25-26 Trans fatty acid, from hydrogenation of fats, 232-233 from vegetable oils, 1063 Transamination, 1165-1168 mechanism of, 1167... 

The molecular pathology of the (3-cell destruction in the course of insulin resistance is largely unknown. It has been suggested that the constant hyperstimulation of the (3-cell by glucose ( glucose toxicity ) or elevated fatty acids ( lipotoxicity ) may lead to cell damage. 

The acute toxicity of ester sulfonates is mainly related to the length of the carbon chain of the fatty acid. The acute fish toxicity of tallow-based ester sulfonates is relatively high (LC0 = 0.4-0.9 mg/L) compared with coconut-based ester sulfonates (LC0 — 46 mg/L) [113]. In spite of this relatively high fish toxicity of the long-chain ester sulfonates both acute and long-term toxic effects can be excluded for normal environmental conditions. For example, the sum of all anionic surfactants in German rivers is stable on a level far below... 

In a continuous model river test system it can be shown that after passage through a sewage treatment plant ester sulfonates have no significant influence on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the biocenosis of a receiving water [113]. All the investigations into the environmental fate of a-sulfo fatty acid esters demonstrate that aquatic toxicity is alleviated by their fast ultimate biodegradability, which allows them to be classified as environmentally compatible. 

Cyanomethane, commonly known as acetonitrile, CH3CN, is a toxic volatile liquid that is used as a solvent to purify steriods and to extract fatty acids from fish oils. Acetonitrile can be synthesized from methyl isonitrile by the isomerization reaction CH,NC(g) - CH3CN(g). 

A consistent pericardial edema in chickens gave rise to the term chick edema disease (chick edema factor) (I). Two known outbreaks of the disease in the broiler industry resulted in a great loss of chickens. A lipid residue from the manufacturing fatty acids, being used as a feed ingredient, was a principal source of the toxic substance. Contamination of the lipid component with polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins was attributed as the causal agent. 

Peroxidation of lipids is another factor which must be considered in the safety evaluation of liposome administration. Smith and coworkers (1983) demonstrated that lipid peroxides can play an important role in liver toxicity. Allen et al. (1984) showed that liposomes protected by an antioxidant caused less MPS impairment than liposomes subjected to mild oxidizing conditions. From the study of Kunimoto et al. (1981) it can be concluded that the level of peroxidation in freshly prepared liposome preparations and those on storage strongly depends both on the phospholipid fatty acid composition and on the head group of the phospholipid. Addition of appropriate antioxidants to liposomes composed of lipids which are liable to peroxidation and designed for use in human studies is therefore necessary. 

Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by the enzyme aconitase (aconitate hydratase) the reaction occurs in two steps dehydration to r-aconitate, some of which remains bound to the enzyme and rehydration to isocitrate. Although citrate is a symmetric molecule, aconitase reacts with citrate asymmetrically, so that the two carbon atoms that are lost in subsequent reactions of the cycle are not those that were added from acetyl-CoA. This asymmetric behavior is due to channeling— transfer of the product of citrate synthase directly onto the active site of aconitase without entering free solution. This provides integration of citric acid cycle activity and the provision of citrate in the cytosol as a source of acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis. The poison fluo-roacetate is toxic because fluoroacetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form fluorocitrate, which inhibits aconitase, causing citrate to accumulate. 

The criteria for choosing inhibitors in this study were the ability to compete with diethanolamine for the nitrite and lack of toxicity. An attempt was made to cover as broad a group as possible within the limits of feasibility. Ascorbic acid in its water soluble form and its oil soluble form, the palmitate, represent the enediols, Sorbate is a diene fatty acid which has been shown to inhibit nitrosation (10), Since the pK of sorbic acid is 4,76, at the pH of these experiments, both water soluble sorbate ion and oil soluble sorbic acid are present in significant amounts. Sodium bisulfite is a strong inorganic reducing agent which has an acceptable lack of toxicity at the concentration... 

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