Phospholipids fatty acid composition

Peroxidation of lipids is another factor which must be considered in the safety evaluation of liposome administration. Smith and coworkers (1983) demonstrated that lipid peroxides can play an important role in liver toxicity. Allen et al. (1984) showed that liposomes protected by an antioxidant caused less MPS impairment than liposomes subjected to mild oxidizing conditions. From the study of Kunimoto et al. (1981) it can be concluded that the level of peroxidation in freshly prepared liposome preparations and those on storage strongly depends both on the phospholipid fatty acid composition and on the head group of the phospholipid. Addition of appropriate antioxidants to liposomes composed of lipids which are liable to peroxidation and designed for use in human studies is therefore necessary. 

V. Lindahl, A. Frostegard, L. Bakkhen, and E. Baath, Phospholipid fatty acid composition of size fractionated indigenous soil bacteria. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29 1565 (1997). 

Frostegard A, Tunlid A, Baath E (1993) Phospholipids fatty acid composition, biomass, and activity of microbial communities from two soil types experimentally exposed to different heavy metals. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 3605-3617... 

Fenchel T, King G, Blackburn FI (1998) Bacterial biogeochemistry the ecophysiology of mineral cycling. Academic Press, London, UK Francl LJ (1993) Multivariate analysis of selected edaphic factors and their relationship to Heterodera glycines population density. J Nematol 25 270-276 Frostegard A, Tunlid A, Baath E (1993) Phospholipid fatty acid composition, biomass, and activity of microbial comunities from two soil types experimentally exposed to different heavy metals. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 3605-3617... 

Membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition in infants is strongly influenced by maternal diet (Korotkova et al, 2004) and can alter the... 

Huang, Y. S., P. Redden, X. Lin, R. Smith, S. MacKinnon, and D. F. Horrobin. Effect of dietary olive oil non-glyceride fraction of plasma cholesterol level and live phospholipid fatty acid composition. Nutr Res 1991 11(5) 439-448. 

Application of data obtained from simple clean reaction systems in biological or chemical studies of heme catalysis also has its problems. Chemical model systems use chelators, model hemes, and substrate structures that are quite different from those existing in foods. Reaction sequences change with heme, substrate, solvent, and reaction conditions. Intermediates are often difficult to detect (141), and derivations of mechanisms by measuring products and product distributions downstream can lead to erroneous or incomplete conclusions. It is no surprise, then, that there remains considerable controversy over heme catalysis mechanisms. Furthermore, mechanisms determined in these defined model systems with reaction times of seconds to minutes may or may not be relevant to lipid oxidation being measured in the complex matrices of foods stored for days or weeks under conditions where phospholipids, fatty acid composition, heme state, and postmortem chemistry complicate the oxidation once it is started (142). Hence, the mechanisms outlined below should be viewed as guides rather than absolutes. More research should be focused on determining, by kinetic and product analyses, which reactions actually occur and are of practical importance in specific food systems. 

When guinea pigs were fed diets supplemented with oil related to TOS, the TOS-related oil produced a decrease in lipid peroxidation products with minimal alterations in phospholipids fatty acid composition of liver microsomes (358). TOS is an exogenously induced autoimmune disease in humans, believed to be a... 

T. Wang, Phospholipid fatty acid composition of modihed soybeans and the effect of saturated fatty acid content on seed performance, Ph.D. Dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 1998. 

Rao, C. V, Zang, E and Reddy, B. (1993). Effect of high fat com oil, olive oil, and fish oil On phospholipid fatty acid composition in male F344 rats. Lipids 28, 441-447. 

Pennanen, T., Frostegaard, A., Fritze, H., and Baath, E. (1996). Phospholipid fatty acid composition and heavy metal tolerance of soil microbial communities along two heavy metal-polluted gradients in coniferous forests. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 420-428. 

Hinds A, Sanders TAB. The effect of increasing levels of dietary fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on lymphocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition and cell-mediated immunity in the mouse. Br J Nutr 1993 69 423-429. 

Robinson DR, Xu L-L, Knoell CT, Tateno S, Olesiak W. Modification of spleen phospholipid fatty acid composition by dietary fish oil and by n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters. J Lipid Res 1993 34 1423-1434. 

Tiwari RK, Venkatraman JT, Cinader B, Flory J, Wierzbicki A, Goh YK, et al. Influence of genotype on the phospholipid fatty acid composition of splenicT and B lymphocytes in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lprmice. Immunol Lett 1988 17 151-158. 

Before 1940 it was generally considered that phosphohpids, once laid down in the nervous system of mammals during growth and development, were comparatively static entities. However, later studies using (32p)oithophosphate showed that brain phospholipids as a whole are metabolically active in vivo (Ansell and Dohmen, 1957, Crokin and Sun, 1978). In the present study, by following the changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition, we have demonstrated that an n-3 fatty acid-enriched diet can rapidly reverse a severe n-3 fatty acid deficiency in the brains of primates. The phospholipid fatty acids of the cerebral cortex of juvenile monkeys are in adynamic state and are subject to continuous turnover under certain defined conditions. 

Swanson JE, Black JM, Kinsella JE. Dietary menhaden oil effects on the rate and magnitude of modification of phospholipid fatty acid composition of mouse heart and brain. Br J Nutr 1988 59 535-545. 

Delion S, Chalon S, Guilloteau D, Lejeune B, Besnard JC, Durand G. Age-related changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition and monoaminergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus of rats fed a balanced or an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficient diet. J Lipid Res 1997 38 680-689. 

Mahadik SP, Mukheijee S, Horrobin DF, Jenkins K, Correnti EE, Scheffer RE. Plasma membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition of cultured skin fibroblasts from schizophrenic patients—comparison with bipolar patients and normal subjects. Psychiatry Res 1996 63 133-142. 

Enslen M, Milon H, Malnoe A. Effect of low intake of n-3 fatty acids during development on brain phospholipid fatty acid composition and exploratory behavior in rats. Lipids 1991 26(3) 203-208. 

Farquharson J, Cockburn F, Patrick W A. J amieson EC. I, ogan RW. Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty-acid composition and diet [see comments]. Lancet 1992 340(8823) 810-813. 

Bell JG, Tocher DR, MacDonald FM, Sargent JR. Diets rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid affect phospholipid fatty acid composition and production of prostaglandins El, E2, and E3 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), a species deficient in delta 5 fatty acid desaturase. Prostagland Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids 1995 53 279-86. 

Tocher DR, Bell JG, Femdale BM, Sargent JR. Effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acidrich borage oil combined with murine fish oils on tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition and production of prostaglandins E and F of the 1-, 2-, and 3-series in a marine fish deficient in delta 5 fatty acyl desaturase. Prostagland Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids 1997b 57 125-34. 

Wang, T., Hammond, E.G. and Fehr, W.R. (1997) Phospholipid fatty acid composition and stereospecific distribution of soybeans with a wide range of fatty acid compositions. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 1587-1594. 

Laganiere, S. and Yu, B. P. Modulation of membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition by age and food restriction. Gerontology 39 7-18 1993. 

Ristic-Medic D, Suzic S, Vucic V, et al. Serum and erythrocyte membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition in hiperlipidemia effects of dietary intervention and combined diet and fibrate therapy. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2009, 28 190-199. 

Ristic, V. Tepsic J, Ristic-Medic D, et al. Plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids composition in Serbian hemodialyzed patients. Renal Eailure, 2006, 28 211-216. 

Chamock, J.S. (1 1) Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA s have different effects on the phospholipid fatty acid composition of rat myocardial muscle when added to a saturated fatty add dietary supplement. Nutr. Res. 11, 1013-1024. 

Nelson, G. J., and N. K. Freeman The phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of human serum lipoprotein fractions. J. biol. Chem. 235, 578—583 (1960). 

Nyberg, H. 1985. The influence of ionic detergents on the phospholipid fatty acid compositions of Porphyridium purpureum. Phytochemistry 24 435-440. 

Andersson, A., Sjodin, A., Olsson, R., and Vessby, B., Effects of physical exercise on phospholipid fatty acid composition in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol., 274, E432-E438, 1998. 

Pan, DA and Storlien, LH (1993) Dietary Upid profile is a determinant of tissue phospholipid fatty acid composition and rate of weight gain in rats. J. Nutr., 123, 512-519. 

Roche, H and Gibney, Ml (1994) The effect of consumption of fish oil-enriched spreadable fats on platelet phospholipid fatty acid composition in human volunteers. Int. J. Vitamin Nutr. Res., 64, 237-242. 

ThereL N, Bard, JM, Nuttens, MC, Lecerf, JM, Delbart, C, Romon, M, Salomez, JL and Fruchart, JC (1993) The relationship between the phospholipid fatty acid composition of red blood cells, plasma lipids, and apoUpoproteins. Metabolism, 42, 562—568. 

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