Acute fish toxicity

Ecotoxological properties Acute toxicity to fish Acute toxicity to Daphnia Biodegradability Hydrolysis (abiotic degradability)... 

Acute aquatic Fish acute toxicity - UTC-step-down EU... 

OECD Draft Guideline Fish, acute toxicity test on egg and sac-fry stages. OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals. Draft, 1992. 

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Draft Updated OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 203 - Fish, Acute Toxicity Test, OECD Paris, France, 1991 TGP/148, 10 pp. 

Microbial mutagenesis Cytotoxicity Fish acute toxicity Algal bioassay Soil microcosm Plant stress ethylene... 

The USEPA OPPT cannot design training sets, nor can it measure the toxicity of industrial chemicals directly. The TSCA prescribes that the chemical industry test chemicals for toxicity thus, the OPPT is dependent upon what toxicity data are submitted to the USEPA under the TSCA. The OPPT could design a training set for a (Q)SAR such as fish acute toxicity for aromatic diazoniums, but it does not have the ability to get the chemicals in the training set tested. Thus, some (Q)SARs used by the OPPT have training sets composed of two data, one datum, or no data—just assumptions about intercept, slope, and log Kow at which no toxic effects at saturation will occur. 

To illustrate how the general process described above could be performed, an imaginary case study is described in this section, using a simple QSAR for nonpolar narcosis to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). This QSAR was chosen because it represents a simple, relatively well-understood endpoint for toxicity. Furthermore, the endpoint is included in OECD Test Guideline 203 on the Fish Acute Toxicity Test (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1992), and the QSAR is recommended by the EU TGD (European Economic Community, 1996). A further consideration was the availability of test data to form an external test set. 

The QSAR was developed for chemicals considered to act by a single mechanism of toxic action, non-polar narcosis, as defined by Verhaar et al. (1992), and therefore has a clear mechanistic basis. Non-polar narcosis has been established experimentally by using the Fish Acute Toxicity Syndrome methodology (McKim et al., 1987). The QSAR is based on a descriptor for hydropho-bicity (log Kow), which is relevant to the mechanism of action (i.e., toxicity results from the accumulation of molecules in biological membranes). There are numerous regression models based on log Kow for this mechanism of action, so the development of such models has enabled interspecies comparisons (Dimitrov et al., 2003). 

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals No 203 Fish Acute Toxicity Test, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, www.oecd.org/ehs/test/testlist.htm, 1992. 

Lammer E., Carr G.J., Wendeler K., Rawlings J.M., Belanger S.E. Braunbeck T. (2009) Is the Fish Embryo Toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) potential alternative for the fish acute toxicity test Comparative Biochemistry and Physiolology C 149 196-209. 

OECD 203 (1992a) OECD guidlines for testing of chemicals. 203. Fish acute toxicity test. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development, Paris, France. 

OECD Test Guideline 203 (1992) Fish, Acute Toxicity Test... 

Fish acute toxicity test, freshwater and marine... 

McKim, J.M., S.P. Bradbury, and G.L Niemi. 1987. Fish acute toxicity syndromes and their use in the QSAR approach to hazard assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 71 171-186. 

Bradbury SP. Fish acute toxicity syndromes Applications to the development of mechanism-specific QSARs. In Turner JE, England MW, Schultz TW, Kwaak NJ, editors, QSAR88, 3rd International Workshop on Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Toxicology. 22-26 May 1988, Knoxville, TN. p. 61-70. 

Bradbury SP, Henry TR, Carlson RW. Fish acute toxicity syndromes in the development of mechanism-specific QSARs. In Karcher W, Devillers J, editors, Practical applications of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) in environmental chemistry and toxicology. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic, 1990. 

Hermens J, Busser F, Leeuwangh P, Musch A (1985) Toxicol Environ Chem 9 219 Schultz TW, Holcombe GW, Phipps GL (1986) Ecotox Environ Safe 12 146 McKim JM, Bradbury SP,Niemi GJ (1987) Environ Health Persp 71 171 Veith GD, Broderius SJ (1987) Structure-toxicity relationships for industrial chemicals causing type (11) narcosis syndrome. In Kaiser KLE (ed) QSAR in environmental toxi-cology-ll.Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p 385 Deneer JW, Seinen W, Hermens JLM (1988) Aquat Toxicol 12 185 Deneer JW, Sinnige TL, Seinen W, Hermens JLM (1988) Aquat Toxicol 195 Bradbury SP, Henry TR, Carlson RW (1990) Fish acute toxicity syndromes in the development of mechanism-specific QSARs. In Karcher W, Devillers J (eds) Practical applications of quantitative structm-e-activity relationships (QSAR) in environmental chemistry and toxicology. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 295 van Gestel CAM, Ma W-C (1990) Chemosphere 21 1023... 

Ecotoxicity acute/prolonged toxicity to fish, acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates, toxicity to aquatic plants e.g. algae, toxicity to microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, chronic toxicity to fish, chronic toxicity to aquatic in-... 

Table 73 Correlation of in vivo fish acute toxicity (LC5,) with in ritro cytotoxicity to cultured fish cells...

Herbicide residues in the aquatic environment usually evoke concerns of toxicity to fish. Acute toxicity data are extensive. In general, the herbicide levels required for weed control are much lower than those which cause acute toxicity in fish. Numerous LC50 values for various fish have been reported 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46), Ester derivatives of aquatic-weed herbicides are more toxic than acids, amines, or salts (except for the cocoamine salts of endothall). DiflFerent formulations of the same herbicide may vary widely in toxic effects on fish (42). The toxicity of two formulations of diquat containing the same concentration of herbicide was reported to vary from 64-430 ppm. Water quality, temperature 47, 48), and length of exposure are important factors in assessing acute toxicities. 

Effects on organisms Acute toxicity for fish Acute toxicity for Daphnia magna... 

OECD (1989c) Guide-line for Testing of Chemicals Fish Acute Toxicity Test, OECD, Paris. 

Ecotoxicity Acute toxicity—fish Acute toxicity—aquatic invertebrates (daphnia) Growth inhibition—green algae Bioaccumulation Chronic toxicity—fish Chronic toxicity—aquatic invertebrates... 

Biodegradation in seawater Anaerobic Adsorption/ biodegradation Desorption in Soil Acute toxicity to fish Acute Toxicity to Invertebrates Growth inhibition test on algae Inhibition of microbiological activity Effects on reproduction and growth on fish... 

The plastic sample also must pass several marine toxicity tests, including P0I540X (microbial oxygen absorption), Microtox (microbial bioluminescence) test, fish Acute Toxicity (static conditions) OPPTS 850.1075, Daphnia Acute Toxicity (static conditions) OPPTS 850.1010, or Static Algal Toxicity Test OPPTS 850.5400. The plastic samples must also have less than 25% of maximum allowable concentrations of regulated heavy metals. 

---