From fish oils

A certain compound of molecular formula Ci9H3g was isolated from fish oil and from plank ton On hydrogenation it gave 2 6 10 14 tetramethylpentadecane Ozonolysis gave (CH3)2C=0 and a 16 carbon aldehyde What is the structure of the natural product" What is the structure of the aldehyde" ... 

Provitamin D. Provitamin is made from cholesterol, and its commercial production begias with the isolation of cholesterol from one of its natural sources. Cholesterol occurs ia many animals, and is generally extracted from wool grease obtained by washing wool after it is sheared from sheep. This grease is a mixture of fatty-acid esters, which contain ca 15 wt % cholesterol. The alcohol fraction is obtained after saponification, and the cholesterol is separated, usually by complexation with 2iac chloride, followed by decomplexation and crystallisation. Cholesterol can also be extracted from the spiaal cords and brains of animals, especially catde, and from fish oils. 

Cyanomethane, commonly known as acetonitrile, CH3CN, is a toxic volatile liquid that is used as a solvent to purify steriods and to extract fatty acids from fish oils. Acetonitrile can be synthesized from methyl isonitrile by the isomerization reaction CH,NC(g) - CH3CN(g). 

Diets high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (from fish oil), most commonly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), reduce cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL and may elevate HDL cholesterol. 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol extract of the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active, LDjf, 0.75 g/kg"" " . Ethanol extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/animal, was active. Water extract of the fresh leaf and stem, administered intraperitoneally to mice at the minimum toxic dose of 1 mL/ animal, was active " . Aqueous extract of the husk fiber, administered orally to mice, was active, LDjf, 2.30 g/kgf" " . Tricarboxylate carrier influence. Oil, administered to rats at a dose of 15% of the diet for 3 weeks, produced a differential mitochondrial fatty acid composition and no appreciable change in phospholipids composition and cholesterol level. Compared with coconut oil-fed rats, the mitochondrial tricarboxylate carrier activity was markedly decreased in liver mitochondria from fish oil-fed rats. No difference in the Arrhenius plot between the two groups was observed "". 

Its solubility in CHCI3 is 5%. It has been purified from fish oil by GLC using Ar as mobile phase... 

Soap prepared from fish oil is very similar to the last named. God-liver oil soap differs only in having a more unpleasant smell and less consistency. Suet or tallow soap is white and solid, and has a slight odor of the fat. Exposed to the air, it loses water, and becomes brittle. Soap prepared from lard is very white, solid, inodorous, and especially valuable for the production of toilet soaps. Rancid butter yields a soap whieh is white, and in properties similar to tallow soap, but retains a rancid smell. Castor oil and spermaceti soaps are emollient, and especially applicable to toilet pur-... 

Normally, the method of choice for the analysis of complex mixtures of polyenoic fatty acids such as those derived from fish oils is capillary gas chromatography with prechromato-graphic derivatization and mass spectrometric detection. However, GC is impractical for the purification of the large amounts of polyenoic fatty acids required for biological and clinical studies. Moreover, the temperatures required in GC may cause degradation of oxidized long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are present as minor components of the mixture. 

The promise shown by supercritical fluid extraction led to the development of the Solexol process for the purification and separation of vegetable and fish oils. This process concentrated the polyunsaturated triglycerides in vegetable oils and the so-called vitamin A values from fish oils using propane as a selective solvent [5]. 

Puskas L. G., Kitajka K., Nyakas C., Barcelo-Coblijn G., and Farkas T. (2003). Short-term administration of omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil results in increased transthyretin transcription in old rat hippocampus. Pioc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 1580-1585. 

Ratnayake, W.M.N., Olsson, B., Matthews, D. and Ackman, R.G. (1988) Preparation of omega-3 PUFA concentrates from fish oils via urea concentration. Fat Sci. Technoi, 90, 381-386. 

Enzymatic process is one of the effective techniques for purification of DHAEE from fish oil, such as tuna oil. The first step for purifying DHAEE is conversion of tuna oil to FA ethyl esters (FAEEs) (Fig. 2.6). Of course, a chemical reaction with an alkaline catalyst can convert tuna oil to the mixture of FAEEs containing DFIAEE, but an enzymatic process under mild conditions is preferable because heating under alkaline conditions often results in the isomerization of DFIA. Therefore, stepwise alcoholysis, which was established in production of BDF from vegetable oil, was applied to ethanolysis of tuna oil. 

Arsenic (Note The atomic absorption spectrophotometric graphite furnace methods for arsenic, lead, mercury, and nickel in this monograph were developed at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Charleston Laboratory, for the determination of these trace element contaminants in materials derived from fish oil. This method is intended for the quantitation of arsenic, lead, mercury, and nickel in marine oils at levels as low as 0.10 pg/g for arsenic and for lead and as low as 0.50 (xg/g for mercury and for nickel.)... 

S. S. H. Rizvi, R. R. Chao, and Y. J. Liaw, Concentration of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil using supercritical carbon dioxide, in B. A. Charpentier and M. R. Sevenants, eds.. Supercritical Flyid Extractioned, 1988, pp. 89-108. 

The choice of solvent for chromatographic separation of fatty acid esters depends on the desired purity of the eluted fractions and their end use as well as production requirements. Tetrahydrofuran/methanol/water (25 55 20, v/v/v) (41) and methanol/ water (90 10, v/v) (42) have been described to yield EPA and DHA with high purity (75-96%) as fatty acid ethyl esters from fish oil. Krzynowek et al. (43) obtained higher purity fractions of EPA and DHA using the tetrahydrofuran (THE) system of Tokiwa et al. (41). However, THE oxidizes readily yielding peroxides that initiate oxidative decomposition of PUEA and is potentially explosive. Ethanol and water would be the solvents of choice if the end product is to be consumed by humans. 

The vapor pressure of PCB can vary within a wide range. The more volatile PCBs have a vapor pressure around 40-75 mbar, which is similar to the vapor pressure of some organo-chlorine pesticides. Our own lab deodorization trials showed that PCBs and dioxins can be stripped from fish oil without degradation of the 00-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) provided that the deodorization pressure is very low (>2 mbar) (Table 10). Other studies showed that deodorization at 230°C and 5 mbar was insufficient to remove a PCB heat-transfer agent from contaminated rice bran oil (28). 

NILSSON ETAL. Synthesis of Trieicosapentaenoylgfycerol from Fish Oil 439... 

NILSSON ETAL. SyttAesistf TrieicosapeHtaeiuj gfyceml from Fish Oil 447... 

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