The World Wide Web

Still another strategy for finding an e-mail address is to access via telnet a Netfind server, such as bruno.cs.colorado.edu, mudhoney.micro.umn.edu, red-mont.cis.uab.edu, monolith.cc.ic.ac.uk, netfind.if.usp.br, netfind.anu.edu.au, or nic.nm.kr. Log on any of these computers as netfind and follow the instructions. Of course, one can always resort to sending an old fashioned letter or telephoning the individual and simply ask for his or her e-mail address. As a last resort, e-mail can be sent to the administrators of some of the chemistry-related electronic bulletin boards (see Table 7 below) asking for help. 

The amount of information available on the Web is at the same time fun to explore and intimidating in its vastness. As of early 1997, it is estimated that there are 40 million home pages, with thousands of new sites being added to the Web each year. Already there is more information available than anyone can use, but there is no guarantee the specific information needed is posted somewhere. 

The software for traversing the Web is called a browser. The earliest of these were Mosaic and Netscape Navigator. Both were free and became widely used. Microsoft s Internet Explorer is a more recent entry. Browsers run on UNIX workstations, personal computers, and Apple Macintosh computers (it has been estimated that because Macs have enjoyed popularity among scientists, these machines have been the most used platform for authoring Web documents). 

The address of each document is its URL. To connect to a URL, the user starts the browser on the computer and then, prompted by a pull-down menu named something like Open location, types the URL in the window provided. The browser will find the location and present what is there. 

Users should be aware that when text or graphics images are displayed, the browser has downloaded files to somewhere on die local hard disk. Some of the downloaded files can be quite lengthy. They accumulate and consume much space. Therefore, it is wise to occasionally delete these files the older browsers do not do housekeeping, but newer versions allow a cache limit to be set. 

Although not stricdy a database, the World Wide Web (WWW) is rapidly becoming an important source of all types of information, including chemical information. The WWW is freely accessible to anyone in an academic institute around the world who has a suitably networked 

TABLE 1.2. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Format for Each Type of Transfer Protocol 

Gopher site gopher //gopher.iubio.indiana.edu 

It is worth mentioning that, although the Web is by definition a visually-based medium, it is also possible to travel through Web space and view documents without the associated graphics. For users limited to line-by-line terminals, a browser called Lynx is available. Developed at the University of Kansas, Lynx allows users to use their keyboard arrow keys to highlight and select hyperlinks, using their return key the same way that Netscape and Internet Explorer users would click their mouse. 

To address this point, a new class of search engines called meta-search engines have been developed. These programs will take the user s query and poll anywhere from 5-10 of the traditional search engines. The meta-search engine will then 

TABLE 1.3. Number of Hits Returned for Four Defined Search Queries on Some of the More Popuiar Search and Meta-Search Engines 

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The World Wide Web is the main information source which combines many resources. 

The IZA homepage on the World Wide Web is hosted by the Laboratory of Crystallography at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology http //www.iza-online.org... 

This database system is implemented in only a few instances becatisc of its complexity and its liability to errors, although it is a model for the World Wide Web,... 

I.inks to chemistry ounials on the World Wide Web kttp /j myw.che.m.u.syd.edu..au/-ho. me.t/papcr / chcm-papcr.html... 

In the first edition of this book I wrote, A major use of the Internet is for electronic mail, but extremely rapid growth is being observed in other areas, particularly the "World-Wide Web" (WWW).... Such a phrase seems an understatement despite the hype, the Internet has certainly made a dramatic impact, not least on the scientific community, where its... 

A number of structured databases have been developed to classify proteins according to the three-dimensional structures. Many of these are accessible via the World Wide Web, T1 protein databanlc (PDB [Bernstein d al. 1977]) is the primary source of data about the stru tures of biological macromolecules and contains a large number of structures, but many i these are of identical proteins (complexed with different ligands or determined at differet resolutions) or are of close homologues. 

This is necessarily an incomplete list more comprehensive glossaries can be found el where (particularly on the World Wide Web). 

The Internet s growth is amazing. Investor s Business Daily reported on a research study by International Data Corp. that showed commercial sites on the World Wide Web grew by more than 45,000 in 1996. 

Figure 2.10 Examples of schematic diagrams of the type pioneered by Jane Richardson. Diagram (a) illustrates the structure of myoglobin in the same orientation as the computer-drawn diagrams of Figures 2.9b-d. Diagram (b), which is adapted from J. Richardson, illustrates the structure of the enzyme triosephosphate isomerase, determined to 2.5 A resolution in the laboratory of David Phillips, Oxford University. Such diagrams can easily be obtained from databases of protein structures, such as PDB, SCOP or CATH, available on the World Wide Web.

The first requirement for threading is to have a database of all the known different protein folds. Eisenberg has used his own library of about 800 folds, which represents a minimally redundant set of the more than 6000 structures deposited at the Protein Data Bank. Other groups use databases available on the World Wide Web, where the folds are hierarchically ordered according to structural and functional similarities, such as SCOP, designed by Alexey Murzin and Cyrus Chothia in Cambridge, UK. 

The World Wide Web has transformed the way in which we obtain and analyze published information on proteins. What only a few years ago would take days or weeks and require the use of expensive computer workstations can now be achieved in a few minutes or hours using personal computers, both PCs and Macintosh, connected to the internet. The Web contains hundreds of sites of Interest to molecular biologists, many of which are listed in Pedro s BioMolecular Research Tools (http // www.fmi.ch/biology/research tools.html). Many sites provide free access to databases that make it very easy to obtain information on structurally related proteins, the amino acid sequences of homologous proteins, relevant literature references, medical information and metabolic pathways. This development has opened up new opportunities for even non-specialists to view and manipulate a structure of interest or to carry out amino-acid sequence comparisons, and one can now rapidly obtain an overview of a particular area of molecular biology. We shall here describe some Web sites that are of interest from a structural point of view. Updated links to these sites can be found in the Introduction to Protein Structure Web site (http // WWW.ProteinStructure.com/). 

There are literally many thousands of chemical compounds that may pose potential air pollution problems. It would be impossible to present all the pertinent data and information needed to evaluate each and every air pollution scenario. There are, however, a wealth of information and data bases that are available on the World Wide Web, along with a number of standard hard copy references to obtain information on the chemical and physical properties, and health risks of potential atmospheric contaminants. Chapter 3 provides information on the following three areas ... 

There are many excellent textbooks on the subject of distillation, however with the explosion of information on the World Wide Web, process engineers can now gain almost instant access to calculation methods and model simulations which will walk the engineer through the important design steps. The following Web sites are recommended to be reviewed and accessed by the reader. 

These faetors are attributed to bateh and semi-bateh proeesses rather than eontinuous proeesses. However, the use of eontinuous proeesses on fine ehemieal manufaeturing sites is limited. It is often preferable to use the semi-bateh mode as opposed to bateh proeesses. The Appendix lists hazards of pertinent ehemieal reaetions for toxie and reaetive hazards ehemieals. Information eoneerning the safety of various ehemieals (e.g., ammonia and others) ean be readily obtained from the World Wide Web. Table 12-1 shows how to aeeess a material safety data sheet at the Vermont Safety Information (VIRI) site on the Internet. 

Minimum computer requirements to run THERdbASE are a 486 CPU, IBM or clone, at leasi 8 MB of RAM, at least 40 MB of disk space, color VGA monitor, a mouse, Microsoft Windows. v I To install THERdbASE, execute the File/Run option from within Windows and specify SETUP.F.XE found in the THERDCD directory. This program leads you through the installation. Updates foi THERdbASE can be obtained over the World Wide Web from the Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (http //www.eeynre. -hrc, nevada.edu),... 

A directoiy of more than 5800 international chemistiy links on the World Wide Web. Maintained at the Department of Chemistiy, University of Sheffield, England. 

Appendix A provides a brief description of several existing hardware and software tools designed for CA research. Appendix B contains a useful list of CA and more general c omplcxity-related information sources availabk on the World Wide Web (WWW), subject-sorted into a total of 91 WWW Universal Resource Loc a-tor (URL) links in 16 categories. The book is indexed and includes an extensive bibliography. 

Though the prototype has been written using the C programming language, it is object-oriented in style. Future versions of Swarm will be implemented using the Objective-C language. Objective-C is an object-oriented extension of the C language that is widely available as part of the GNU C compiler, and is available on the World-Wide-Web. 

The Federal Web Locator is a service provided by the Center for Information Law and Policy and is intended to be the one stop shopping point for federal government information on the World Wide Web. This site is hosted by the Information Center at... 

Biological raw data are stored in public databanks (such as Genbank or EMBL for primary DNA sequences). The data can be submitted and accessed via the World Wide Web. Protein sequence databanks like trEMBL provide the most likely translation of all coding sequences in the EMBL databank. Sequence data are prominent, but also other data are stored, e.g.yeast two-hybrid screens, expression arrays, systematic gene-knock-out experiments, and metabolic pathways. 

Drug and Health Care Information Sources on the World Wide Web—The inside back cover provides a listing of websites dealing with pharmacology and medication administration. The student can use these sites as valuable resources to identify new dm and important new information on current dm. ... 

Since the early 1970s a panel convened by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has been working to formulate recommendations for carbohydrate nomenclature that meet developing needs of research and electronic data handling, while retaining links to the established literature base on carbohydrates. The realization of these endeavors is presented here in the final document Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, which provides a definitive reference for current researchers, both in the text version and in the version accessible on the World Wide Web (http //www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/), where amendments and revisions are maintained. 

Barker, V. (2004). Beyond Appearances, Students misconception about basic chemical ideas, A report prepared for the Royal Society of Chemistry, Retrieved Get. 16, 2007 from the World Wide Web www.ehemsoe.org/pdt71earnnet/rsc/miscon.pdf... 

The International Society of Heterocyclic Chemistry is pleased to announce the establishment of its home page on the World Wide Web. Access can be gained from the following locafions ... 

Gkoutos GV, Murray-Rust P, Rzepa HS, Wright M. Chemical markup, XML, and the World-Wide Web. 3. Toward a signed semantic chemical web of trust. J Chem Inf Comput Sci 2001 41(5) 1124-30. 

Perhaps no technology in human history has radically changed so many disciplines as the introduction of personal computing and the now-ubiquitous presence of the World Wide Web. What the joint application of these enabling technologies allows us to do is to instantaneously and efficiently exchange... 

A comprehensive list of neuroscience resources part of the World-Wide Web Virtual Library.)... 

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