The way forward

The assessments made above suggests five key areas of hydrogen introduction, which could happen individually or in combination. They are 

each option if briefly assessed on the basis of the treatment made in previous sectors of this book. This constitutes a set of proposals for development efforts (in the US called roadmaps , in Europe action plans ) in the hydrogen and fuel cell area. 

The approach taken in the UK has been pre-emptive, an approach not driven by cases of human ill health or harm to the environment. Indeed after more than a decade of laboratory work and industrial application under controlled conditions, any risk that might exist has not been realised. There is no substantive evidence of excess mortality, morbidity or adverse environmental effects. This proactive approach contrasts with certain other areas where it has been said that Government has usually legislated as a direct response to accidents or incidents. Quite apart from the possible costs in human and financial terms of such an approach there are also plainly other undesirable effects of a predominantly reactive approach. On the one hand public confidence is destroyed and even subsequent controls are seen as too little too late . On the other hand sudden changes and hurried regulatory reaction can lead to considerable upheaval and the danger of over-reaction or misplaced resource. 

The challenge for the future for the industry will be to ensure further exploitation of the benefits of biotechnology whilst ensuring that any hazards to human health or the environment are controlled to the 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1986) Recombinant DNA-Safety Considerations, HMSO Publication Centre, London. 

European Community (1990) Council Directive on contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms (90/219/EEC). Off. J. Eur. Commun. LI 17. 

---

For any even vaguely realistic atomically constituted membrane it is unlikely that any theory will become available in the near future which will properly or reasonably describe the dynamic properties of the membrane, the fluids near it, and their passage, or selective passage, through it. Nevertheless, one should continue trying with simple models and simple theories [39-43], which show the way forward and can, as usual, be tested by the virtually exact results of molecular dynamics simulation. 

The way forward was proposed by Berne and Pechukas [11] many years later. Their important idea was to consider the overlap between two prolate ellipsoidal gaussian distributions. From the expression for this overlap they evaluated a range parameter which was taken to be the contact distance g and a strength parameter which was set equal to the well depth, e. If the orientations of the two rod-like molecules in the laboratory frame are represented by the unit vectors Ui and Uj and the orientation of the intermolecular vector by the unit vector f then the expression for the angular dependence of the contact distance is... 

PETP IS CHEMICAL RECYCLING THE WAY FORWARD FOR THE 21ST CENTURY ... 

This paper explores the use of plastics in cars to make them more environmentally friendly. It lists major environmental issues. It then discusses in detail the positive role of plastics during the lifetime of a car (more plastics means less fuel consumption), the fact that automotive plastic parts are user-friendly and safe, the current and future uses of plastics in cars, recovery options for plastics in end-of-life vehicles, mechanical recycling (which is the best recovery option for many large automotive parts), energy recovery (the solution for small plastic parts), and feedstock (or chemical) recycling. Lastly, the way forward is considered. 

Manns MP, Foster GR, Rockstroh JK, Zeuzem S, Zoulim F, Houghton M (2007) The way forward in HCV treatment-finding the right path. Nat Rev Drag Discov 6 991-1000... 

A number of approaches to predict ionization based on structure have been published (for a review, see [53]) and some of these are commercially available. Predictions tend to be good for structures with already known and measured functional groups. However, predictions can be poor for new innovative structures. Nevertheless, pfCa predictions can still be used to drive a project in the desired direction and the rank order of the compounds is often correct. More recently training algorithms have also become available which use in-house data to improve the predictions. This is obviously the way forward. 

Perhaps a combination of fast, multi-dimensional GC and TOFMS together with LD sample introduction techniques offers the way forward for multi-residue analyses of food and environmental samples over the next few years. 

Gogate PR (2008) Treatment of wastewater streams containing phenolic compounds using hybrid techniques based on cavitation a review of the current status and the way forward. Ultrason Sonochem 15 1-15... 

Immediately, we can state that a reductive analysis of life is impossibly difficult. We shall now illustrate the difficulties, which are best seen against an analysis of the simplest cell first, and then from an examination of evolution, not in terms of species, but in some form of systems analysis, which we consider to be the way forward. We start as we must from the simplest property - the composition. 

Bob Williams As a scientist I would say, that as far as reductionism is concerned, we could think how far physics has got. Now physicists would say that given the Big Bang at a tenth of minus fiftieth of a second, they can come all the way forward to the present time as far as most dead things are concerned, and they ve achieved that conclusion over a very long period of time. I don t know how far this reductionist game will go as far as living things are concerned. What I worry about is, if I am not allowed to say that all the scientific activity is in some way reductionist, what does holistic research mean. What is it exactly If somebody could answer what is holistic research, I would be very interested. 

Behnke, J.M., Barnard, C.J. and Wakelin, D. (1992) Understanding chronic nematode infections evolutionary considerations, current hypotheses, and the way forward. Internationalfoumal for Parasitology 22, 861-907. 

None of the solutions mentioned in the above lines will be forthcoming from any invisible hand , nor can it be decided by one state as a corrective measure against market failures, because national authorities lack the capacity to impose regulations beyond their national borders. The way forward should be along the lines of an international agreement between countries, promoted and guaranteed by international bodies such as the WHO and the World Trade Organization (WTO). 

This abbreviated list of papers highlights one of the problems for astrochemists the results important to the subject are scattered around the literature of many disciplines. The way forward is to consult some of the review papers and follow the literature trails, so I have collected some of the papers with a broader perspective of the subject but this is certainly not complete. The references are given in the format of author, date title, journal title, volume and page number. 

The theories that should feature prominently in the understanding of chemical effects have been summarized in this volume, without demonstrating their application. The way forward has been indicated by Primas [67] and in the second volume of this work the practical use of modern concepts such as spontaneous symmetry breaking, non-local interaction, bohmian mechanics, number theories and space-time topology, to elucidate chemical effects will be explored. The aim is to stimulate renewed theoretical interest in chemistry. 

TUson HH. Postmarketing Surveillance. The Way Forward. Centre for Medicines Research, MTP press. 

By the late 1980s, it had also become clear that reliance on a combination of Commonwealth and State legislation was not the best way to ensure that desired standards were met. There were many complaints about loopholes and lack of uniformity. The way forward came from an unexpected source, namely, a court case that confirmed that the Commonwealth Government has powers over all corporations, and thus these powers could be used in relation to therapeutic goods matters even if they occurred within one State. 

It appears to us that the way forward to further industrial application of solid base catalysts may emerge from the discovery of unusual selectivity effects or new reactions that require well-balanced base and acid-base pair sites with relatively inexpensive solid catalysts that last long enough to process large quantities of reactants per unit mass of catalyst. 

HLA). Hence, in vitro assays for drug hypersensitivity testing are limited and genotyping of patients prior to drug administration seems to be the way forward. 

Speilman H (2009) The way forward in reproductive/developmental toxicity testing. Altern Lab Anim 37 641-656... 

In the development of regulatory standards, acconnt must be taken of acceptable risk, which will involve political considerations. Perhaps the way forward has been indicated over the past 30 years by bodies such as the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, who have made a great contribution by publishing annually recommended standards for several hundred toxic substances. These standards have been used extensively with minor modifications by regulatory bodies in many countries. 

The way forward has already been hinted at in our discussion of the electron gas. The simplest approximation due to Hartree in 1928 is to assume that the individual electrons move independently of each other, so that each electron feels the average electrostatic field of all the other electrons in addition to the potential from the ionic lattice. This average field has to be determined self-consistently in that the input charge density, which enters... 

Langley, G. (2001) The Way Forward Action to End Animal Toxicity Testing, British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, London... 

---