Minor modifications

This term is used to describe modifications so inexpensive that they either do not require formal financial sanction or the sanction is easily 

The relief valve was fitted on the inlet branch so that the flow would keep the branch clear. 

The inlet was moved to a new position leaving the relief valve on a dead leg.  

The relief valve was sized to take the full inlet flow with all exit lines closed. 

An extra inlet line was added. If both lines are used together the relief valve will be loo small. 

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The programs DRFLA for vapor-liquid and DRELI for liquid-liquid calculations are written in FORTRAN IV source language for the CDC 6400 of the Computer Center, University of California, Berkeley. Minor modifications, mostly with regard to input and output, will be required for implementation on most other computer systems. 

The above fomuilae for the absorption spectrum can be applied, with minor modifications, to other one-photon spectroscopies, for example, emission spectroscopy, photoionization spectroscopy and photodetachment spectroscopy (photoionization of a negative ion). For stimulated emission spectroscopy, the factor of fflj is simply replaced by cOg, the stimulated light frequency however, for spontaneous emission... 

It is usually not efficient to use the methods described above to refine the transition state to full accuracy. Starting from a qualitatively correct region on the potential surface, in particular one where the Hessian has the right signature, efficient gradient optimization teclmiques, with minor modifications, are usually able to zero in on the transition state quickly. 

An advantage of the half-electron technique is its simplicity. HyperChem can carry it out with only minor modifications of the usual calculation. A disadvantage is that forces may not be accurate because of the half electron approximation. 

The homopolymer mixture shows only a minor modification of the two Tg values. This suggests that the two homopolymers are concentrated in separate phases of almost pure polymer. 

Analytical and Test Methods. Most of the analytical and test methods described for THF and PTHF are appHcable to OX and POX with only minor modifications (346). Infrared and nmr are useful aids in the characterization of oxetanes and their polymers. The oxetane ring shows absorption between 960 and 980 cm , regardless of substituents on the ring (282). Dinitro oxetane (DNOX) has its absorption at 1000 cm . In addition, H-nmr chemical shifts for CH2 groups in OX and POX are typically at 4.0—4.8 5 and 3.5—4.7 5, respectively (6,347,348) C-nmr is especially useful for characterizing the microstmcture of polyoxetanes. 

The furnace that made the graphite industry possible was invented in 1895 by Acheson (13) and is stiU in use today with only minor modifications. 

Forced-Recirculation Reboilers In forced-recirculation reboilers, a pump is used to ensure circiilation of the liquid past the heattransfer surface. Force-recirculation reboilers may be designed so that boiling occurs inside vertical tubes, inside horizontal tubes, or on the shell side. For forced boihng inside vertical tubes. Fair s method (loc. cit.) may be employed, making only the minor modification that the recirculation rate is fixed and does not need to be balanced against the pressure available in the downcomer. Excess pressure required to circiilate the two-phase fluid through the tubes and back into the column is supphed by the pump, which must develop a positive pressure increase in the hquid. 

For shorter penetration the use of p emitting isotopes is widely made applying much the same absorption law for p radiation as for y rays, with a minor modification. An alternative procedure used by Kingety and Paladino for the study of diffusion in AI2O3 employs two right cylinders, one only containing the radioactive Al isotopic species which emits relatively low energy ( ,nax = 0.511 MeV) p particles. 

Sodium sulfide may be conveniently recrystallized from ethanol. Unrecrystallized material may be utilized. However, significantly lower yields will result if the ensuing minor modification is not followed. 

A closer examination of these essential residues, including the catalytic triad, reveals that they are all part of the same two loop regions in the two domains (Figure 11.10). The domains are oriented so that the ends of the two barrels that contain the Greek key crossover connection (described in Chapter 5) between p strands 3 and 4 face each other along the active site. The essential residues in the active site are in these two crossover connections and in the adjacent hairpin loops between p strands 5 and 6. Most of these essential residues are conserved between different members of the chymotrypsin superfamily. They are, of course, surrounded by other parts of the polypeptide chains, which provide minor modifications of the active site, specific for each particular serine proteinase. 

The first methacrylic esters were prepared by dehydration of hydroxyisobutyric esters, prohibitively expensive starting points for commercial synthesis. In 1932 J. W. C. Crawford discovered a new route to the monomer using cheap and readily available chemicals—acetone, hydrocyanic acid, methanol and sulphuric acid— and it is his process which has been used, with minor modifications, throughout the world. Sheet poly(methyl methacrylate) became prominent during World War II for aircraft glazing, a use predicted by Hill in his early patents, and since then has found other applications in many fields. 

FIGURE 9-11. These two workers appear to be looking on from a safe distance. They are both wearing level D protection with minor modifications. Photo courtesy of DuPont Tyvelfl Tychenfi protective apparel... 

Alternatively, the product may meet the supplier s specifications but not meet the customer or market specified requirements this calls for a minor modification. Some... 

If k is much larger than k", Eq. (6-64) takes the form of Eq. (6-61) for the fraction Fhs thus we may expect the experimental rate constant to be a sigmoid function of pH. If k" is larger than k, the / -pH plot should resemble the Fs-pH plot. Equation (6-64) is a very important relationship for the description of pH effects on reaction rates. Most sigmoid pH-rate profiles can be quantitatively accounted for with its use. Relatively minor modifications [such as the addition of rate terms first-order in H or OH to Eq. (6-63)] can often extend the description over the entire pH range. 

Only copper can be electropolished in such a simple solution, but by minor modification other metals can be treated. Such modifications include (a) increasing the acidity, or (b) increasing the oxidant level for aluminium, iron and steel, nickel alloys etc ... 

The formalism for computing Lyajmnov exponents for continuous dynamical systems that was introduced in the last section can also be used, with only minor modifications, for determining exponents for CA as well. The major modification involves replacing the Euclidean norm, V t) - used for measuring the divergence of two nearby trajectories (see equation 4.60) - by the Cantor-set metric, d t) ... 

The oxidation of diethyl 3,6-hexanooxepin-4,5-dicarboxylate with a mixture of sodium periodate and potassium permanganate as oxidizing agent gives diethyl 3-[(formyioxy)methylene]-l 0-oxocyclodec-l-en-l,2-dicarboxylate (2) in 91 % yield.130 A minor modification of the reaction conditions gives two products 2 (35 %) and a product which retains the oxepin structure (23 %) identified as the same lactone described in Section 1.2.1.1.129... 

However, there may be some further, minor modifications to this basic structure. Compounds 3 and 4 are likely to remain unaltered. 

FIGURE 16.3 Because the atomic radii of the c/-block elements are so similar, the atoms of one element can replace the atoms of another element with minor modification of the atomic locations consequently, d-block metals form a wide range of alloys. 

Solution The program of Example 8.5 can be used with minor modifications. Set u, R, and L all equal to 1. Then S AtlP will be equal to the value assigned to Da and kt will be equal to the value assigned to k. It is necessary to use the stability criterion to determine J. Example 8.5 had = 0.01, and larger values for require larger values for J. 

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