Over all conclusions

As an over-all conclusion, it can be stated that the assumption of ring-chain tautomerism in the pseudo bases derived from the heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts is quite unnecessary as an explanation of the formation of two (cyclic and open-chain) types of deriva-... 

In summary it may be stated that all available data of known reliability support the Orr-DallaValle conclusion that thermal conductivities of suspensions may be calculated by means of Eq. (35). This does not prove that the other effects (such as particle size) do not in actuality influence the thermal conductivity of suspensions, but rather that within the ranges of particle sizes (2 to 260 v) and Reynolds numbers (3,000 to 3 X 106) investigated, the effects were too small to be measurable. In view of the over-all conclusions (at the end of this section) in regard to the utility of further heat transfer studies in this field, it is not recommended that a more detailed investigation of the thermal conductivity of suspensions be undertaken at this time. 

The over-all conclusions to be drawn from this work are not entirely satisfactory in that one is left with the need, apparently, to use a slightly different equation for every single tube diameter. However, in view of the pioneering nature of this paper the degree of correlation achieved is noteworthy. The reasons for the uncorrelated effect of tube diameter probably lie with the chosen constant values of the viscosity. The accompanying... 

This same explanation clearly cannot be invoked to account for the observed pK values of imidazole groups, since these pK s differ from expectation in the wrong direction. This result should perhaps not be taken too seriously since the intrinsic pK s of protein imidazole groups are relatively imprecise. Moreover, there is some question about the expected pK of an imidazole group (Table I, h). On the other hand, the volume changes which accompany dissociation of imidazole groups, to be discussed in Section VIII, are also anomalous, and the over-all conclusion must be that some effect of protein structure on the titration of imidazole groups has so far been overlooked in theoretical treatments of the problem. 

The over-all conclusion is that the titratable groups of conalbumin are largely accessible to the solvent, except for the phenolic groups discussed earlier. 

At the present time the available data seems to allow a few over-all conclusions to be drawn about the influence of the chemical structure of the monomer on its polymerizability and its rate of polymerization. 

More precise information on the pathway of leucine catabolism was obtained from studies on the formation of ketone bodies in liver slices incubated with and C Mabeled leucine and isovaleric acid. In these experiments it was found that leucine-3-C yielded acetoacetate in which the label was virtually all contained in the methyl and methylene carbons, and to approximately the same extent in each of these. Only a trace of radioactivity was found in the carboxyl carbon. On incubation with leucine-4-Ci the label occurred solely in the carbonyl group. This suggested that the isopropyl group of the amino acid had been directly converted to acetone. The over-all conclusion was that the isopropyl group forms acetone, and carbons 2 and 3 of the amino acid yield a 2-car-bon fragment which can condense to acetoacetate. The acetoacetate formed from leucine-4-C was not symmetrically labeled, the isotope being present only in the carbonyl carbon. 

If, now, Si lies within the limits 1/t i < S2< /< i, which seem quite reasonable, the over-all effect of the perturbation is a transference of negative electricity from the various carbon atoms to the nitrogen atom at position 1, with the consequence, in accordance with the rule formulated above, that the molecule is deactivated so that substitution is more difficult than in benzene and furthermore the a and y positions (2 and 6, and 4, respectively) are most affected by this transference of electricity, so that substitution will take place at the 0 positions (3 and 5), which have the smallest deficiency of electrons. Both of these conclusions are borne out by experiment. 

We ivill discuss the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen on transition metals first. This reaction has been extensively studied in our laboratory 18-32) using evaporated metal films as a catalyst. From our previous considerations it follows that as a consequence of the choice of this particular system we must restrict ourselves to certain problems only. We cannot identify the surface species (we can indirectly indicate only some of them) nor understand completely their role in the reaction. Because of the polycrystalline character of the film, all the experimental results are averaged over all the surface. Several new problems thus arise, such as grain boundaries, and, consequently, the exact physical interpretation of these results is almost impossible it is more or less a speculative one. However, we can still get some valuable information concerning the chemical nature of the active chemisorption complex. The experimental method and the considerations will be shown in full detail for nickel only. For other metals studied in our laboratory, only the general conclusions will be presented here. 

Several overall conclusions can be drawn based on the statistical evaluation of the data submitted by the participants of the DR CALUX intra-and interlaboratory validation study. First, differences in expertise between the laboratories are apparent based on the results for the calibration curves (both for the curves as provided by the coordinator and for the curves that were prepared by the participants) and on the differences in individual measurement variability. Second, the average results, over all participants, are very close to the true concentration, expressed in DR CALUX 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQs for the analytical samples. Furthermore, the interlaboratory variation for the different sample types can be regarded as estimates for the method variability. The analytical method variability is estimated to be 10.5% for analytical samples and 22.0% for sediment extracts. Finally, responses appear dependent on the dilution of the final solution to be measured. This is hypothesized to be due to differences in dose-effect curves for different dioxin responsive element-active substances. For 2,3,7,8-TCDD, this effect is not observed. Overall, based on bioassay characteristics presented here and harmonized quality criteria published elsewhere (Behnisch et al., 2001a), the DR CALUX bioassay is regarded as an accurate and reliable tool for intensive monitoring of coastal sediments. 

The interesting conclusion derived from this work is that the effect of the filler on the vulcanizate strength can still be explained in terms of the over-all viscoelastic response of the material. This is demonstrated in Figure 5 where it can be seen that all the vulcanizates, filled and un-... 

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