Structural innovation

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has issued a series of rules to tanker designers in an attempt to minimize the outflow of oil after accidental side or bottom damage. New tankers arc required to have double hulls or other structural innovations to minimize tanker spills. 

Development of road maps or structured innovation plans would probably work for parametric improvements around the structure, but the basic structure itself is unpredictable and cannot be regulated because the future cannot be predicted. Road maps can plan the incremental improvements, which lead to important changes, but they cannot plan breakthrough or leap frog types of discoveries. 

Figure 5.1 Chemical structures innovator Gilbert Lewis...

We believe that solo acquisitions will become increasingly difficult and risky because of the large size and complexity of many chemical deals. Allying with chemical companies and other LBO firms with complementary skills and resources offers the opportunity to structure innovative acquisition, operation and exit deals. 

For example, the application of HTS technology on the large libraries generated by CC methods was expected to inundate drug development pipelines with structurally innovative compounds [26]. However, after 12 years of utilizing these methods, these expectations have clearly not been... 

Figure 3 illustrates several of the structural innovations that emerged from the discoveries made at LLNL in the first half of 2002. It remains to be seen which of these innovations are best and/or affordably testable in the near term, but all are likely to improve on conventional tanks. Several important holes in current theory and analyses emerged during the recent discovery process. These holes are big enough that several PhD theses may not suffice to fill each one. Fiber number flex conservation, departures from constant (assumed) fiber/matrix ratio, and actual curvilinear (non-axisymmetric, nongeodesic) fiber trajectories will contribute arduous but necessary improvements to current composite design methods. 

The movement onto land and the subsequent evolutionary divergence involved a number of innovations including the development of mechanisms to enable plants to withstand atmospheric drought including cuticle, xylem, stomata, and intercellular spaces. All of these innovations occurred during the late Silurian and early Devonian around 400 million years ago (Raven, 1977). Evidently coinciding with these structural innovations came the evolution of compounds that aided both protection from UV-B and water-stress tolerance. 

The direct modeling of the term structure dynamics using a finite-factor HIM model (see chapter (5)) allows us to fit the initial term structure perfectly. Although the initial term structure is a model input, it does not permit consistency with the term structure fluctuations over time. Using e.g. a one-factor HJM-framework (see section (5.3.3)) implies that we are only able to model parallel shifts in the term structure innovations. When we relax this restriction through a multi-factor model this typically does not imply that we are able to capture aU possible fluctuations of the entire term structure. 

Reinhold (1985). One is reminded of the New York City building code that had not been updated to take into consideration structurally innovative buildings, like Citicorp Center. 

Maturity Business model innovation carried out bv the CEO that changes the value proposition (Gillette s focus on blades, not razors), or the company s role in the value chain, or both Structural innovation — also carried out bv the CEO — that capitalizes on disruptions in mature markets such as deregulation in the airline and banking industries... 

Traditionally, the pattern was based on the fiber tension winding proceeded along geodesic paths irrespective of structure. Innovative filament-placement techniques, however, deviate widely from the geodesic path, and may lead to winding of very complex structures. 

A continuing commitment to materials development characterises one strand of structural innovation. Composite forms generate interesting interfaces. This Texan art gallery seeks to modulate light through a carefully shaped baffle system. Ferro-cement louvres become the lower booms of trusses triangulated with cast steel struts. Joints expand like knuckles to transmit loads. 

Polarizers thus had already a long history when they were reborn as the core technology to support the liquid crystal display industry when the twisted nematic liquid crystal display (TN-LCD) watch was released in 1975, along with the commercialization of the calculator. LCDs are now used in various kinds of electronic home appliances, such as calculators, mobile phones, notebook computers, and car navigation systems. In the last 10 years the boom in the development of innovative input and output information devices, for example, large LCD TVs and smartphones, has totally wiped out the cathode-ray tube and has become the symbol of industrial structure innovation in the twenty-first century. 

Key words Bounds Approach Market Structure Innovation Chemical Industry... 

The a-helix is probably the most significant result of the work of Pauling and Corey, although authors before them had already discussed spiral structures. Innovations introduced by Pauling s model are, first, the abandonment of whole numbers of amino acids per turn second, the use of exact distances and bond angles and, third, the strict adherence to the planarity of peptide bonds. Subsequently, it became evident that the a-helix is also involved in the structure of soluble proteins. 

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