Testing cleanliness

Phosphate—Chelant—Polymer Combinations. Combinations of polymer, phosphate, and chelant are commonly used to produce results comparable to chelant—polymer treatment in boilers operating at 4137 x 10 Pa or less. Boiler cleanliness is improved over phosphate treatment, and the presence of phosphate provides an easy means of testing to confirm the presence of treatment in the boiler water. 

Heat Transfer from Various Metal Surfaces In an early work, Pridgeon and Badger [Jnd. Eng. Chem., 16, 474 (1924)] pubhshed test results on copper and iron tubes in a horizontal-tube evaporator that indicated an extreme effect of surface cleanliness on heat-transfer coefficients. However, the high degree of cleanhness needed for high coefficients was difficult to achieve, and the tube layout and... 

Clean surfaces are almost always easier to protect chemically from corrosion. Chemical inhibition and inhibitors are often tested on relatively clean surfaces, for a variety of reasons. The effectiveness of almost all commonly used corrosion inhibitors increases as surface cleanliness improves. 

Cleanliness Hardness Hydrostatic Tests Blade Shaker (Static) Rotor balance O Standard O High Speed Final Surface Inspection Crating inspection Spare Rotor Fit ... 

The operational test of the lube system is, as the name implies, a functional test to check as many of the features as practical under running conditions. The first and last step is a demonstration of the cleanliness of the system. This is followed by a running test of a four-hour duration. The test should simulate the field operation with the compressor in every way practical. All equipment to be furnished with the lube system should be used in the test, including the standby pump start and trip switches. All other instruments should be used to demonstrate their operation. Prior to starting the four-hour run, the system should be thoroughly inspected for leaks and the leaks corrected. If no steam is available for a steam turbine (if one is used), the four-hour run can be made on the electric pump. However, every effort should be made to use an alternate source of energy such as compressed air, to operate the steam turbine. 

The manuals and other literature which specify how the tasks need to be performed The consumable materials and spares required The environment to be maintained if anything other than ambient The handling and cleanliness requirements The precautions to be observed to protect health and safety The checks, inspections, tests, and adjustments to be made A model servicing process is illustrated in Figure 19.2. 

This requirement hides an important provision. It not only applies to inspection, measuring, and test equipment but to the measurements that are performed with that equipment. Anywhere you intend performing product verification or monitoring processes you need to ensure that the environmental conditions are suitable. By environmental conditions is meant the temperature, pressure, humidity, vibration, lighting, cleanliness, dust, acoustic noise, etc. of the area in which such measurements are carried out. To avoid having to specify the conditions each time, you need to establish the ambient conditions and write this into your procedures. If anything other than ambient conditions prevail, you may need to assess whether the measuring devices will perform adequately in these conditions. If you need to discriminate between types of equipment, the ones most suitable should be specified in the verification procedures. 

Cleaning the Wires and Fittings. Different types of resin with different characteristics require varying degrees of cleanliness. The following cleaning procedure was used for one type of polyester resin with which over 800 tensile tests were made on ropes in sizes -J- in. (6.5 mm) to 3- -in. (90 mm) diameter without experiencing any failure in the resin socket attachment. 

For Clean Rooms (rooms of a very high standard) dust count per unit volume will be specified, but other specifications for room cleanliness are usually in terms of filtration performance against a standard test dust. Other important features are resistance to air flow and dustholding capacity, leading to the fan energy required and filter life. 

Surface finish is increasingly referred to as surface cleanliness . This can be misleading because the standards refer to the appearance of the blasted steel and do not deal with chemical contamination. Site tests for assessing the level of soluble salts on freshly blast-cleaned surfaces, and which allow the semi-quantitative determination of the chlorides, soluble sulphates and soluble iron salts, are urgently needed. 

Figure 8.14 shows HREELS and LEED measurements of CO adsorbed on Rh(l 11) (56]. The bottom spectrum is that of the empty surface and shows only the elastic peak, which has a full width at half maximum of about 2 meV, or 16 cm 1. In fact, such a spectrum provides a stringent test for the cleanliness of the surface, as any impurity, e.g. of adsorbed carbon or oxygen, would immediately result in a peak in the 300-600 cm-1 region of the HREELS spectrum. The LEED image shows the... 

Contamination is controlled at multiple levels in a pharmaceutical plant. It starts with a clean, well-maintained facility. Raw materials are labeled, checked, and segregated at storage. Equipment is cleaned and tested for cleanliness prior to being used. Personnel are to follow procedures as written in SOPs. Samples and products are clearly labeled and stored. Flows of materials, equipment, personnel, tools, and wastes are controlled. 

The value of any analysis is judged by the characteristics of the sample as determined by laboratory tests. The sample used for the test(s) must be representative of the bulk material, or data will be produced that are not representative of the material and will be incorrect no matter how accurate or precise the test method. In addition, the type and cleanliness of sample containers are important if the container is contaminated or is made of material that either reacts with the product or is a catalyst, as the test results may be wrong. 

Note When the pump is on the test stand and water is used as the test fluid, seal leakage does not necessarily indicate seal performance under the specified operating conditions. Factors such as test fluid, pressure, temperature, and system cleanliness have an appreciable effect on seal leakage. 

For pressure-lubricated bearings, test stand oil and oil system components downstream of the filters shall meet the cleanliness requirements specified in ISO 10438-3. 

A sample of the fuel is shaken, using a standardized technique, at room temperature with a phosphate buffer solution in very clean glassware. The cleanliness of the glass cylinder is tested. The change in volume of the aqueous layer and the appearance of the interface define the water reaction of the fuel. 

Stavinoha, L. L., and C. P. Henry, Editors. 1981. Distillate Fuel Stability and Cleanliness. Philadelphia American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Visual checks for cleanliness before each use of a piece of manufacturing equipment should be made in addition to chemical testing. Air monitoring should be implemented to ensure that any contamination released during manufacturing operations is not being spread. Both product-contact and nonproduct-contact surfaces should be monitored to determine the level of contamination settling out from the environment. A product or placebo batch may also be tested to show the absence of residues from previous batches. 

Area QAI is responsible for performing the airborne particulate test in cleanliness classified areas for checking the particulate matter... 

A total of three readings will be carried out for the particles of 0.5 and 5.0 pm in the test area (stations mentioned in attachment no. 1700.20(C). Readings in the test station will be carried out from area of test station (enclosed sampling location drawing). If the particulate counter is transferred to a higher cleanliness class, it is decontaminated with 70% ethanol. 

In all of these familiar situations, differences are obtained where results are expected to be the same. This type of variation is inherent to the method of sampling and testing used. In some cases, it may indicate non-uniformity in the material tested in others, die sum total of minor differences in weighing, reading, burettes, cleanliness of equipment, evaporation during te t, minor differences in temperature, etc., etc. 

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