Test methods and materials

Classic texts on dielectric breakdown phenomena are by Whitehead (1951) and O Dwyer (1973). A more recent book by Dissado and Fothergill (1992) provides a comprehensive review of advances since then. Sillars (1973) gives a good review of test methods and materials. Discharge testing techniques are described by Kxeuger (1964). 

S Standards, Rubber, Natural and Synthetic—General Test Methods, and Materi-alscos Part QQ Q1, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. 

No standard procedure for aqueous extraction ( leaching ) has yet been developed. Furthermore, the technique may well have to be varied as a function of the material. Sampling and extraction procedures considered by the American Petroleum Institute, the American Society for Testing Methods and Materials, and the Environmental Protection Agency (see also HameM/. ) may be applicable. 

European matches, mosdy of brown or black tips, are basically identical with U.S. matches ia their formulations, except that they contain ia addition red iron oxide or manganese dioxide of pigment grade ia the match heads (2). Match materials, testing methods, and related matters have been reviewed (7,8). 

Standards have been a part of technology since building began, both at a scale that exceeded the capabiUties of an individual, and for a market other than the immediate family. Standardization minimizes disadvantageous diversity, assures acceptabiUty of products, and faciUtates technical communication. There are many attributes of materials that are subject to standardization, eg, composition, physical properties, dimensions, finish, and processing. Implicit to the realization of standards is the availabiUty of test methods and appropriate caUbration techniques. Apart from physical or artifactual standards, written or paper standards also must be considered, ie, their generation, promulgation, and interrelationships. 

The most important general test methods are issued as ASTM Test Methods and are periodically updated by the Polyurethane Raw Materials Analysis Committee (PURMAC) of the Society for the Plastics Industry (SPI). PURMAC has collected all pertinent analytical methods in a manual (271). 

In 1903 an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee on Road and Paving Materials was formed to develop test methods and specifications for highway materials. Test methods for volatilization, penetration, and bitumen were developed by the Office of PubHc Roads and were... 

Portland cements are manufactured to comply with specifications estabUshed in each country (70). In the United States, several different specifications are used, including those of the American Society for Testing and Materials and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The ASTM aimuaHy pubhshes test methods and standards (24), which are estabhshed on a consensus basis by its members which include consumers and producers. 

Special-Purpose Resins, Repair Resins. Fractured acryflc dentures can be repaired with materials similar in composition to cold-cured denture resins. These materials generally cure more rapidly because of the relative simple manipulations involved. The process is quick and there is fltde dimensional change, but the strength of the repaired denture may be only half that of the original appliance (213). Test methods and requirements of these materials are given in ANSI/ADA specification no. 13 for denture cold-curing repair resins. 

Agar-based impression materials must have a compressive strength of at least 0.2 MPa (29 psi). They should have a strain in compression of 4—20% in stresses of 9.8-98 kPa (1.4—14.2 psi) per specification test method, and should not have a permanent deformation exceeding 3% after 12% strain is appHed for 30 seconds. 

Ran Y. Kim, personal communication, 8 April 1981. For additional information, see Ran Y. Kim, On the Off-Axis and Angle-Ply Strength of Composites, in Test Methods and Design Allowables for Fibrous Composites, C. C. Chamis (Editor), Dearborn, Michigan, 2-3 October 1979, ASTM STP 734, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1981, pp. 91-108 (reprinted with permission). 

Table 26.5 shows some of the ASTM test methods and standards for drainage and filter materials used in primary leachate collection and leachate detection and collection systems. 

Test Methods and Standards for Drainage and Filter Material... 

A qualitative comparison of the results from the gas chromatography - mass spectrometer study of the different hydrocarbons from the wood materials, did not show significant differences between results from one method to the other. As far as can be judged it is mainly the amount of each component that differs between the small scale test methods and full scale fire tests. 

A range of 11 different materials, representative of building products commonly used in Europe, has been distributed and will be tested in each of the laboratories, on each test method, and the results will be assessed for repeatability and reproducibility. 

ISO 1872-1 1993 Plastics - Polyethylene (PE) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 1 Designation system and basis for specifications ISO 1872-2 1997 Plastics - Polyethylene (PE) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 2 Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties ISO 1969 2004 Fibre ropes - Polyethylene - 3- and 4-strand ropes ISO 3458 1976 Assembled joints between fittings and polyethylene (PE) pressure pipes -Test of leakproofness under internal pressure ISO 3459 1976 Polyethylene (PE) pressure pipes - Joints assembled with mechanical fittings - Internal under-pressure test method and requirement ISO 3501 1976 Assembled joints between fittings and polyethylene (PE) pressure pipes -Test of resistance to pull out... 

The application (or Type II DMF) should include a detailed description of the complete container closure system for the bulk drug substance as well as a description of the specific container, closure, all liners, inner seal, and desiccant (if any), and a description of the composition of each component. A reference to the appropriate indirect food additive regulation is typically considered sufficient to establish the safety of the materials of construction. The tests, methods, and criteria for the acceptance and release of each packaging component should be provided. Stability studies to establish a retest period for bulk drug substance in the proposed container closure system should be conducted with fillers or desiccant packs in place (if used). Smaller versions that simulate the actual container closure system may be used. 

Raw materials (tests, methods and specifications) Audit of the data submitted for CDER review in the application is a Field responsibility. CDER chemists are responsible for the scientific review of the associated data, evaluations of the adequacy of the submitted data, and ultimate approval of the tests, methods, and specifications established for the raw materials in the application. 

Test methods and procedures developed must correlate with commercial fabrication. These must be applicable to small amounts of available materials. Market development and application development expertise must be utilized throughout. Research and development objectives must be matched to market needs to insure the product s commercial value. 

It becomes clear from the discussion of the previous sections that any test result is not absolute but is limited by a variety of factors. Before testing starts there are limitations arising from how the material was produced, how it was sampled and how the test pieces were formed. The results are further limited by the form of test piece, the selection of the test method and the exact test conditions adopted. The actual results obtained are then subject to uncertainty limits that arise from such factors as natural material variation, tolerances on the accuracy of test instruments and tolerances on test conditions. 

As it was recognized that the number of variations included in many test method standards was not helpful in respect of obtaining input for databases, there was an initiative in the plastics industry that produced international standards for acquisition and presentation of single and multipoint data. These specify the particular test methods and test conditions to produce strictly comparable data. Very recently, this approach has been taken up in ISO TC 45 and drafts circulated based on British standards4, 5. These standards are not explicit about including thermoplastic elastomers and, as discussed in Chapter 2, Section 9, an acquisition standard for these materials has been proposed in ISO TC 61, Plastics. An example of the problems resulting from lack of consensus on test methods was evident for EPDM polymers and the results of collaboration to rectify this have been published6. 

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