American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM Methods

Flash point The flash point is defined as the minimum temperature at which a substance releases ignitable flammable vapors in the presence of an ignition somce, e.g., spark or flame. Flash points may be determined by two methods Tag closed cup via American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method D56 or Cleveland open cup via ASTM method D93. Unless otherwise noted, all... 

Methods for determining TPH in aqueous samples are discussed above in Section 3.3.1. The overall method includes sample collection and storage, extraction, and analysis steps. Sampling strategy is an important step in the overall process. Care must be taken to assure that the samples collected are representative of the environmental medium and that they are collected without contamination. There are numerous modifications of the EPA, American Public Health Association (APHA), and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods discussed above. Most involve alternate extraction methods developed to improve overall method performance for TPH or replacement of the chlorofluorocarbon solvents. SPE techniques have been applied to water samples (Schrynemeeckers 1993). Solvent extraction methods with hexane (Murray and Lockhart 1981 Picer and Picer 1993) or methylene chloride (Mushrush et al. 1994) have been reported as well. 

The n-d-M method is an empirical method for determining the carbon type distribution (%CP %CN, %CA) by simple measurement of the refractive index ( ), density (d), and molecular weight (M) of the sample. It also provides the mean number of naphthenic (RN) and aromatic (RA) rings per molecule. The method was developed by researchers at Koninklijke/Shell in Holland after World War II. Its application includes lube feedstocks and raffinates.2 Nearly all applications have been to solvent refined stocks. The current American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method is D3238. ASTM D2140 is applicable to insulating oils. 

The density of oil is determined using an acoustic cell density meter following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method D5002. 

Modern instrumental analytical techniques are considered where appropriate, as they usually provide the most cost-effective, efficient, and most accurate results. Frequently British Standard (BS) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods are quoted where appropriate. Even though these methods can be quite similar, small differences in results can arise. It therefore... 

The grade of oil shale can be determined by measuring the yield of oil of a shale sample in a laboratory retort. This is perhaps the most common type of analysis that is currently used to evaluate an oil shale resource. The method commonly used in the United States is the modified Fischer assay, first developed in Germany and then adapted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for analyzing oil shale of the Green River formation in the western United States (Stanfield and Frost, 1949). The technique was subsequently standardized as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method D-3904-80 (ASTM, 1984). Some laboratories have further modified the Fischer assay method to better evaluate different types of oil shale and different methods of oil-shale processing. 

Figure 1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method D-3354-89, which measures the force required to separate two layers of film. Reprinted, with permission, from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, copyright American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

One problem associated with discussing flame retardants is the lack of a clear, uniform definition of flammabiHty. Hence, no clear, uniform definition of decreased flammabiHty exists. The latest American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) compilation of fire tests Hsts over one hundred methods for assessing the flammabiHty of materials (2). These range in severity from small-scale measures of the ignitabiHty of a material to actual testing in a full-scale fire. Several of the most common tests used on plastics are summarized in Table 1. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 The ASTM MnnualBook ofMSTM Standards contains all up-to-date formally approved (ca 9000) ASTM standard specifications, test methods, classifications, definitions, practices, and related materials, eg, proposals. These are arranged in 15 sections plus an index volume as follows. 

In 1903 an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee on Road and Paving Materials was formed to develop test methods and specifications for highway materials. Test methods for volatilization, penetration, and bitumen were developed by the Office of PubHc Roads and were... 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F4 Committee on Medical Materials and Devices has developed specifications for chemical composition, mechanical properties, and other factors. Standard test methods also are available from ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia. The quaHty of castings is important for dental implants, and standards to define this would be useful. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) provide standard methods for determining properties that are important in characterization of dimer acids. Characterization of dimer acids for acid and saponification values, unsaponiftables, and specific gravity are done by AOCS standard methods ... 

Feed analyses in terms of component concentrations are usually not available for complex hydrocarbon mixtures with a final normal boihng point above about 38°C (100°F) (/i-pentane). One method of haudhug such a feed is to break it down into pseudo components (narrow-boihng fractions) and then estimate the mole fraction and value for each such component. Edmister [2nd. Eng. Chem., 47,1685 (1955)] and Maxwell (Data Book on Hydrocarbons, Van Nostrand, Princeton, N.J., 1958) give charts that are useful for this estimation. Once values are available, the calculation proceeds as described above for multicomponent mixtures. Another approach to complex mixtures is to obtain an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or true-boihng point (TBP) cui ve for the mixture and then use empirical correlations to con-strucl the atmospheric-pressure eqiiihbrium-flash cui ve (EF 0, which can then be corrected to the desired operating pressure. A discussion of this method and the necessary charts are presented in a later subsection entitled Tetroleum and Complex-Mixture Distillation. ... 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has introduced a number of test methods relating to protective clothing. For example, the ASTM F23 Committee on Protective Clothing has devised protocols for measuring chemical resistance of materials. There are not however, any comprehensive standards which list a minimum number of tests or chemicals to evaluate materials. 

It is the general consensus within the worldwide fire community that the only proper way to evaluate the fire safety of products is to conduct full-scale tests or complete fire-risk assessments. Most of these tests were extracted from procedures developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Because they are time tested, they are generally accepted methods to evaluate a given property. Where there were no universally accepted methods the UL developed its own. 

Determination of die mechanical properties of a cured polymer serves to characterize its macroscopic (bulk) features such as flexibility and hardness. Using standardized methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and die International Standards Organization (ISO) allows direct comparison to otiier materials. The vast majority of polyurethane research and development is conducted in industry where mechanical properties are of vital importance because tins information is used to design, evaluate, and market products. General test categories are presented here with a few illustrative examples. 

The complete analysis of alcohol sulfates is described in the Standard Methods of the International Organization of Standards (ISO) [200] and of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) [201]. These methods describe the analysis of inorganic sulfate content, chloride content, unsulfated matter, and water as well as other analytical values. Other ISO standards describe the analysis of sodium secondary alkyl sulfates [202], determination of pH [203], determination of water content [204,205], chlorides [206], total active matter in sul fated ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols [207], mean relative molecular mass in sulfated ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols [208], sulfate content... 

In fact, RDF is a category of the generic class of waste-derived fuel (WDF). RDF has not been given the universe definition it depends on the technologies and methods of each sector and each country. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has defined several forms of RDF as shown in Table 4 [9]. 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is a not-for-profit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services.67 One ASTM committee (E27) develops standardized physical and chemical test methods on the hazard potential of chemicals, including but not limited to reactive hazards. The committee has developed standard analytical methods for calorimetry studies in addition to a standard guide for determining binary chemical compatibility (ASTM, 2000). 

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