Testing methods materials

Through a series of round robin tests conducted by participating laboratories, ASTM Committee D-32 on Catalysts has characterized a variety of catalyst materials using standard test methods. Materials include fluid cracking catalysts, zeolites, silicas, aluminas, supported metals, and a gas oil feedstock. Properties characterized include surface area, crush strength, catalytic microactivity, particle size, unit cell dimensions and metal content. These materials are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology as reference materials. 

After an analytical problem has been defined, a method of analysis is selected or developed. If it is a new method, materials should be obtained for testing its reliability, precision, and accuracy. Even if it is a well-tested method, materials should be available for standardizing the response in terms of known materials. Instrumental methods, for example, are mainly empirical standard substances are necessary for their calibration. 

Test method Materials Specimen Test speeds... 

Investigation of Test Methods. Material Properties, and Processes for Solar Cell Encapaulants, 13th Quarterly Progress Report for May 12. 1978-August 12. 1979. DOE/JPL/954527-12, Sprlngborn Laboratories, Inc., Jan. 1980. 

RILEM Draft Recommendation, (1990a) Determination of fracture parameters (fC, and CTODjc) of plain concrete using three-point bend tests, TC89-FMT Fracture Mechanics of Concrete - Test Methods, Materials and Structures, 23 457-60. 

As seen in Chapter 2, mixtures of hydrocarbons and petroleum fractions are analyzed in the laboratory using precise standards published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and incorporated for the most part into international (ISO), European (EN) and national (NF) collections. We wiil recall below the methods utilizing a classification by boiling point ... 

The contribution wws elaborated in frame of complex program of the GA CR No. 101/96/K264 - Limit states of construction materials with utilisation of non-standard test methods. 

With this testing method an evaluation is possible within shortest time, i.e. directly after the heat impulse. The high temperature difference between a delamination and sound material is affected - among other parameters - by the thickness of the layer. Other parameters are size and stage of the delamination Generally, a high surface temperature refers to a small wall thickness and/or layer separation [4],... 

Therefore, the ultrasonic testing method in the diffusion joint of the dissimiler materials shall considered the influence of the interference with the reflective wave. 

An analytical procedure is often tested on materials of known composition. These materials may be pure substances, standard samples, or materials analyzed by some other more accurate method. Repeated determinations on a known material furnish data for both an estimate of the precision and a test for the presence of a constant error in the results. The standard deviation is found from Equation 12 (with the known composition replacing /x). A calculated value for t (Eq. 14) in excess of the appropriate value in Table 2.27 is interpreted as evidence of the presence of a constant error at the indicated level of significance. 

Standard Methods of Evaluating the Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials, ASTM D1037-93, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.,... 

Film and sheeting materials test methods have been standardized by ASTM, DIN, and others. As with all materials, the test specimens must be carefiiUy prepared and conditioned. Thin-film specimens are vulnerable to nicks and tears which mar the results. Moisture and temperature can affect some materials. Common test methods are Hsted in Table 1. 

Fire test methods attempt to provide correct information on the fire contribution of a product by exposing a small sample to conditions expected in a fire scenario. Methods can be viewed in two ways the first entails the strategy of the fire test, ignition resistance or low flammabiUty once ignited the second addresses the test specimen, a sample representative of the product or a sample of a material that might be used in the product. Fire science has progressed markedly since the older test methods were developed and it is known that the basis for many of these tests is doubthil. Results from older tests must be used with great care. 

The assessment of the contribution of a product to the fire severity and the resulting hazard to people and property combines appropriate product flammabihty data, descriptions of the building and occupants, and computer software that includes the dynamics and chemistry of fires. This type of assessment offers benefits not available from stand-alone test methods quantitative appraisal of the incremental impact on fire safety of changes in a product appraisal of the use of a given material in a number of products and appraisal of the differing impacts of a product in different buildings and occupancies. One method, HAZARD I (11), has been used to determine that several commonly used fire-retardant—polymer systems reduced the overall fire hazard compared to similar nonfire retarded formulations (12). 

One problem associated with discussing flame retardants is the lack of a clear, uniform definition of flammabiHty. Hence, no clear, uniform definition of decreased flammabiHty exists. The latest American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) compilation of fire tests Hsts over one hundred methods for assessing the flammabiHty of materials (2). These range in severity from small-scale measures of the ignitabiHty of a material to actual testing in a full-scale fire. Several of the most common tests used on plastics are summarized in Table 1. 

Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Ratesfor Materials and Products, ASTM E906-83, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1983 (updated periodically). 

The odor detection-threshold values of organic compounds, water, and mineral oil have been determined by different investigators (Table 2 and 3) and may vary by as much as 1000, depending on the test methods, because human senses are not invariable in their sensitivity. Human senses are subject to adaption, ie, reduced sensitivity after prolonged response to a stimulus, and habituation, ie, reduced attention to monotonous stimulation. The values give approximate magnitudes and are significant when the same techiriques for evaluation are used. Since 1952, the chemistry of odorous materials has been the subject of intense research (43). Many new compounds have been identified in natural products (37—40,42,44—50) and find use in flavors. 

B. J. Lockhart, M. D. Hampton, and C. J. Bryan, The Oyygen Sensitivityl Compatahility Ranking of Several Materials by Different Test Methods, ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 1040, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1989, pp. 93-105. 

Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials Test Method Microhardness of Materials... 

Recommended Practice for Scleroscopic Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials Test Method for Rubber Property International Hardness Test Method for Rubber Property Durometer Hardness... 

Test Method for Vickers Hardness of MetaUic Materials... 

Large quantities of butane are shipped under contract standards rather than under national or worldwide specifications. Most of the petrochemical feedstock materials are sold at purity specifications of 95—99.5 mol %. Butane and butane—petroleum mixtures intended for fuel use are sold worldwide under specifications defined by the Gas Processors Association, and the specifications and test methods have been pubHshed (28). Butanes may be readily detected by gas chromatography. Butanes commonly are stored in caverns (29) or refrigerated tanks. 

Table 2. Common Test Methods for Evaluating Materials ...

Because the reverberation room test method approximates many real-world conditions, it is used to derive sound-absorption coefficients for evaluating the effect of most actual appHcations of sound-absorbing treatments. Sound-absorption coefficients pubflshed in acoustical textbooks and by manufacturers of acoustical materials are almost exclusively from reverberation room tests, and this may be assumed unless specified otherwise. 

European matches, mosdy of brown or black tips, are basically identical with U.S. matches ia their formulations, except that they contain ia addition red iron oxide or manganese dioxide of pigment grade ia the match heads (2). Match materials, testing methods, and related matters have been reviewed (7,8). 

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