Insect wax

Chinese insect wax Insects (Coccus ceriferus) in Asia secrete this was on branches of ash and evergreen trees. The wax is scraped off and refined. It is composed of cerotic acid ester of ceryl alcohol with some free alcohols and hydrocarbons... 

Waxes are esters of fatty acids and alcohols other than glycerol e.g.. Plant wax-carnauba wax Insect wax-beeswax Animal wax -lanolin. 

OTHER COMMENTS there are four known structural isomers of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether used as a solvent for automotive fluids, dyes, cleaners, adhesives, coatings, inks, waxes, insect repellants, cosmetics, and agricultural products useful as a chemical intermediate. 

The surfaces of insects are also covered by a layer of wax. Insect cuticular waxes are also involved in various types of chemical communication between individuals of a species and reduce the penetration of chemicals and toxins as well as infectious microorganisms. Analyses and identification of insect waxes is the first step towards developing methods of insect control. 

Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20036 Standard Reference TestingMaterials for insecticides (see Insect control technology), cleaning products, sanitizers, brake fluids, corrosion inhibitors (see Corrosion and corrosion control), antifreezes, poHshes, and floor waxes. 

Over 68 aerosol products containing isopropyl alcohol solvent have been reported (145). Aerosol formulations include hair sprays (146), floor detergents (147), shoe poHshes (148), insecticides (149,150), bum ointments (151), window cleaners, waxes and poHshes, paints, automotive products (eg, windshield deicer), insect repellents, flea and tick spray, air refreshers, disinfectants, veterinary wound and pinkeye spray, first-aid spray, foot fungicide, and fabric-wrinMe remover (152) (see Aerosols). 

Viscosity. Although traditionally of Httle importance in the evaluation of vegetable and insect waxes, viscosity is an important test for mineral and synthetic waxes. One of the most frequently used tests, ASTM D88, is used to measure the time in seconds required for a specified quantity of wax at a specified temperature to flow by gravity through an orifice of specified dimensions. This viscosity is expressed in Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at the temperature of the test. The SI unit for kinematic viscosity is mm /s (=cSt). 

Acid Number. The acid number (ASTM D1386) is the milligrams of potassium hydroxide necessary to neutralize one gram of wax, and indicates the amount of free carboxyflc acid present. The test is widely used for vegetable and insect waxes, and synthetic waxes containing carboxyflc acid groups. 

Infrared Spectroscopy (ir). Infrared curves are used to identify the chemical functionality of waxes. Petroleum waxes with only hydrocarbon functionality show slight differences based on crystallinity, while vegetable and insect waxes contain hydrocarbons, carboxyflc acids, alcohols, and esters. The ir curves are typically used in combination with other analytical methods such as dsc or gc/gpc to characterize waxes. 

Waxes are the principal component in traditional varnishes such as shellac, a wax made by the cochineal insect Tachardia lacca. 

These are the esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols. Usually, only the alcohols are saturated and monoenoic, whereas the fatty adds may be more highly unsaturated, as in most marine waxes. They are found in both animal and plant tissues as well as in some microorganisms. They are quite common in insects. They reserve energy in aquatic animals, aid in echolocation, and play a vital role in waterproofing. 

Chinese insect wax (or pe-la) 79-83 Scale insect (Coccus ceriferus) Cosmetic, sealer... 

Lac is derived from lac resin, the hardened secretion of the lac insect, the only known resin of animal origin. The lac insect, Kerria lacca, formerly known as Laccifer lacca, is a natural parasite of a variety of trees in large areas of southern Asia. Three different products are derived from lac resin lac dye, lac wax, and shellac. To obtain the lac resin, twigs encrusted with the secretion of the insects are cut down from the trees, then the incrustation is separated from the twigs, washed with water, and filtered. The wax and shellac, which are insoluble in water, remain as a solid residue of the filtration, while the soluble red dye (lac) is obtained as a powder when the water from the filtered solution is evaporated. The coloring matter in lac dye is an organic compound known as laccaic acid. 

Chinese wax is a white to yellowish-white, gelatinous, crystalline, water-insoluble substance obtained from the secretion of the scaled insect Coccus ceriferus, common in China and India. Chinese wax is used chiefly in the manufacture of polishes, sizes, and candles and is traditionally employed in Chinese medicine. It is basically made up of ceryl cerotate (esacosanoyl esacosanoate) and esacosanol [78,79]. 

Hepburn, H. R., Chandler, H. D., and Davidoff, M. R. (1979). Extensometric properties of insect fibroins The green lacewing cross-/ , honeybee a-helical and greater wax-moth parallel-/ conformations. Insect Biochem. 9, 69-77. 

Hexacosanoic Cerotic C26 0 Present in plant and insect waxes... 

Waxes are biosynthesized by plants (e.g., leaf cuticular coatings) and insects (e.g., beeswax). Their chemical constituents vary with plant or animal type, but are mainly esters made from long-chain alcohols (C22-C34) and fatty acids with even carbon numbers dominant (Fig. 7.11). They may also contain alkanes, secondary alcohols, and ketones. The majority of wax components are fully saturated. The ester in waxes is more resistant to hydrolysis than the ester in triacylglycerols, which makes waxes less vulnerable to degradation, and therefore more likely to survive archaeologically. 

Waxes are found in animal and insect secretions and the cell walls of some bacteria. The stored fat of marine animals has a high wax component which forms an energy reserve. Waxes are extracted and used commercially in the preparation of creams, cosmetics, polishes, lubricants and protective coatings for surfaces. 

Bystrum et al. first described morphologic changes in leaf surface waxes of table beet exposed to photochemical oxidants these changes were different from those associated with aphid feeding. Comparison of oxidant injury with that produced by insects has since received attention from Hibben, who found that ozone injury to the leaves of four tree species produced smaller flecks, randomly spaced and darker than fleck injury along veins induced by a mesophyll-feeding leafhopper. 

Uses Manufacture of esters for use in perfumes, flavors, soaps, lotions, ointments photographic developer for color movie films dying nylon filament, textiles, and sheet plastics solvent for dyestuffs, cellulose, esters, casein, waxes, etc. heat-sealing polyethylene films bacteriostat, insect repellant emulsions ballpoint pen inks and stencil inks surfactant. 

The first component of the model is the rolling fulcrum described by Miller and Strickler (1). External stimuli include such things as pH of plant tissues perceived by an insect seeking the phloem, as well as factors closer to the surface, such as volatiles or cutlcular waxes. Having accepted the plant (we recognize that this is not as clear-cut an event as the model would... 

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