Synthetic polymer waxes

Both RDX and HMX are substantially desensitized by mixing with TNT to form cyclotols (RDX) and octols (HMX) or by coating with waxes, synthetic polymers, and elastomeric biaders. Most of the RDX made ia the United States is converted to Composition B (60% RDX, 40% TNT, 1 part wax added). Composition A5 (RDX 98.5/stearic acid 1.5) and composition C4 (RDX91/nonexplosive plasticizer) account for the next largest uses. HMX is used as a propellant and ia maximum-performance plastic bonded explosives such as PBX 9401 and PBX N5 and the octols (147—150). 

Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) (3) is a powerful explosive which exhibits considerable brisance on detonation (VOD 8310 m/s at = 1.77 g/cm ). It is the most stable and least reactive of the common nitrate ester explosives. The relatively high sensitivity of PETN to friction and impact means that it is usually desensitized with phlegmatizers like wax and the product is used in detonation cord, boosters and as a base charge in detonators. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate can be mixed with synthetic polymers to form plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) like detasheet and Semtex-IA. A cast mixture of PETN and TNT in equal proportions is known as pentolite and has seen wide use as a military explosive and in booster charges. The physical, chemical and explosive properties of PETN commend its use as a high explosive. 

Isophorone is a solvent for a large number of natural and synthetic polymers, resins, waxes, fats, and oils. Specifically, it is used as a solvent for concentrated vinyl chloride/acetate-based coating systems for metal cans, other metal paints, nitrocellulose finishes, printing inks for plastics, some herbicide and pesticide formulations, and adhesives for plastics, poly(vinyl) chloride and polystyrene materials (Papa and Sherman 1981). Isophorone also is an intermediate in the synthesis of 3, 5-xylenol, 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexanol (Papa and Sherman 1981), and plant growth retardants (Haruta et al. 1974). Of the total production, 45-65% is used in vinyl coatings and inks, 15-25% in agricultural formulations, 15-30% in miscellaneous uses and exports, and 10% as a chemical intermediate (CMA 1981). 

Both RDX and HMX are stable, crystalline solids somewhat less sensitive to impact than PETN. Both RDX and HMX are substantially desensitized by mixing with TNT to form cyclotols (RDX) and octols (HMX) or by coating with waxes, synthetic polymers and elastomeric binders. 

The various types of compounds which have been purified with peroxygens and which will be discussed here are petroleum products, miscellaneous organic chemicals, surfactants, natural oils, waxes and gums, natural sugars and starches, synthetic polymers, inorganic acids and salts, clays, talc and minerals. 

They are made of polymeric, waxy, or other protective materials, that is, biodegradable synthetic polymers and modified natural products such as starches, gums, proteins, fats, and waxes. The natural polymers include albumin and gelatin " the synthetic polymers include polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid. ... 

The military explosives used as fillings for bombs or shells must have a low sensitivity to impact shock on firing, and must have good stability for long-term storage. TNT (trinitrotoluene), PETN (pentaerytbritol tetranitrate), and RDX (research department explosive) are the most commonly used military high explosives. PETN and RDX are also compounded with waxes or synthetic polymers to make so-called plantic explosives. 

Use Organic synthesis, particularly of adipic acid and caprolactam (about 95%), polyvinyl chloride and its copolymers, and methacrylate ester polymers wood stains paint and varnish removers, spot removers degreasing of metals polishes leveling agent dyeing and delustering silk lubricating oil additive solvent for cellulosics natural and synthetic resins, waxes, fats, etc. 

Petrolite [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a hard grade of petroleum microcrystalline wax a synthetic polymer an oxidized hydrocarbon a modified hydrocarbon or a despersion. 

Cellulosic fiber reinforced polymeric composites find applications in many fields ranging from the construction industry to the automotive industry. The reinforcing efficiency of natural fiber is related to the namre of cellulose and its crystallinity. The main components of natural fibers are cellulose (a-cellulose), hemicelluloses, lignin, pectins, and waxes. For example, biopolymers or synthetic polymers reinforced with natural or biofibers (termed biocomposites) are a viable alternative to glass fiber composites. The term biocomposite is now being applied to a staggering range of materials derived wholly or in part from renewable biomass resources [23]. 

Lastly, some glues harden, at least in part, by congealing or freezing as they cool. Such glues are often called hot melts . Older examples of hot melts include the hot applied resins and waxes and, to some extent, the hot animal glues. Synthetic polymer hot-melt glues have recently become widely used in industry and may have conservation applications as well. 

Polyolefins and Polyamides, Modern hot-melt adhesive compounds are commonly based on polymers of the polyolefin or polyamide type. The polyolefin-based ones are usually modified with other natural and synthetic polymer resins and waxes. The melt temperatures of hot melts vary rather widely. Some begin to melt just above 100°C, whereas others may require temperatures in the range of 200°C to melt. The high-temperature ones might very well damage the artifacts being bonded. Hot melts may be of considerable interest in conservation gluing, but additional research is needed on the most appropriate formulations and forms of application. 

Lamp black ink/ wax resists (1790s) p. Dichromate/ natural colloids resists (1800s) p. Dichromate/ synthetic colloids resists (1930s) Synthetic polymers (1950s) Positive resists (1960s) Dry film resists (1970s)... 

Embedding medium Paraffin wax pellets, preferably the type blended with synthetic polymers/DMSO and congealing point at 56-58°C, obtainable from Sigma (St. Louis, MO)... 

Synthetic polymers such as polypropylene also exhibit polymorphism and their properties are highly dependent on their mode of preparation. Using a combination of the WAXS technique to identify polymorphs, and HSM for crystallization studies... 

Isohutanol [78-83-1] (2-methyl-l-propanol) is a colorless, neutral liquid with a characteristic odor. It exhibits limited miscibility with water. Most organic solvents are miscible in practically all proportions with isobutanol. Isobutanol readily dissolves most natural and synthetic resins. Waxes dissolve satisfactorily only on heating. Cellulose esters and ethers, natural rubber, neoprene, chlorinated rubber, and polymers such as polystyrene and poly(vinyl chloride) are insoluble in isobutanol. 

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