Synergies

Finally, it is by means of synergy between the refining processes and the combustion techniques that the emissions of NO due to industrial installations can be minimized. 

Laborelec s future realisations are vibration analysis, control of inspection robots, and all types of system monitoring. LabVIEW will be used as common tool for developers for the coming years. The synergy effect of a common language for everything concerning acquisition, analysis and processing of data will be beneficial for the whole company. 

Figure C2.18.3. Relationship between ion-assisted etching and directionality in plasma etching, (a) Demonstration of the synergy between ion bombardment and reactive species during ion-assisted etching, (b) Ions incident on an etched feature. This situation prevails in glow discharges when the feature dimensions are much less than the plasma sheath thickness. Reproduced from [35]...

The examples discussed in tliis chapter show a strong synergy between fundamental physical chemistry and device processing metliods. This is expected only to become richer as shrinking dimensions place ever more stringent demands on process reliability. Selecting key aspects of processes for fundamental study in simpler environments will not only enable finer control over processes, but also enable more sophisticated simulations tliat will reduce tire cost and time required for process optimization. 

Synergy has been reported between lL-1, lL-3, and SCE, ki enhancing the survival of lethaHy kradiated mice engrafted with 2 x 10 BM cells and immediately given cytokiaes once daily for five days (173). SCE alone does not enhance survival, and lL-1 or lL-3 has limited effect. Pretreatkig mice with thymopentki, a synthetic pentapeptide derivative of thymopoietin, enhances the protective effect of lL-1 a, as kidicated by 30-day survival (174). 

Gas-phase separations may be classified as enrichment, sharp, or purification separation, depending on the purity, recovery, and magnitude of the pertinent separation. The classification system allows for a certain amount of synergy, as several separation methods may be combined in order to achieve the desired result. Certain separation methods ate favored for each category (26). 

Acesulfame-K—aspartame blends exhibit a significant synergistic effect (Fig. 4) (65,66). This synergy provides large cost savings for the diet foods industry. The blend also has a more rounded taste. Each sweetener apparendy masks the off-taste associated with the other. Increased blend usage is expected. 

Saccharin imparts a sweetness that is pleasant at the onset but is followed by a lingering, bitter aftertaste. Sensitivity to this bitterness varies from person to person. At high concentration, however, most people can detect the rather unpleasant aftertaste. Saccharin is synergistic with other sweeteners of different chemical classes. For example, saccharin—cyclamate, saccharin—aspartame, saccharin—sucralose, and saccharin—aUtame combinations all exert synergy to various degrees. The blends, as a rule, exhibit less aftertaste than each of the component sweeteners by themselves. 

Cyclamate is about 30 times (8% sucrose solution sweetness equivalence) more potent than sugar. Its bitter aftertaste is minor compared to saccharin and acesulfame-K. The mixture of cyclamate and saccharin, especially in a 10 1 ratio, imparts both a more rounded taste and a 10—20% synergy. Cyclamate (6) is manufactured by sulfonation of cyclohexylamine (7). Many reagents can be used, including sulfamic acid, salts of sulfamic acid, and sulfur trioxide (74—77). 

The disaccharide stmcture of (12) (trade name SPLENDA) is emphasized by the manufacturer as responsible for a taste quaUty and time—intensity profile closer to that of sucrose than any other high potency sweetener. The sweetness potency at the 10% sucrose solution sweetness equivalence is between 450 and 500X, or about two and one-half times that of aspartame. When compared to a 2% sugar solution, the potency of sucralose can be as high as 750X. A moderate degree of synergy between sucralose and other nonnutritive (91) or nutritive (92) sweeteners has been reported. 

Fig. 10. A model of PVC lubrication mechanism showing (a) PVC adhesion to metal without lubricant (b) surface activity of calcium stearate (c) nonmetal releasing character of paraffin only and (d) synergy between calcium stearate and paraffin (62).

Garbapenem P-Lactamase Inhibitors. Carbapenems are another class of natural product P-lactamase inhibitors discovered about the same time as clavulanic acid. Over forty naturally occurring carbapenems have been identified many are potent P-lactamase inhibitors. Garbapenem is the trivial name for the l-a2abicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene ring system (21) shown in Table 3. The synthesis (74), biosynthesis (75), and P-lactamase inhibitory properties (13,14,66) of carbapenems have been reviewed. Carbapenems are often more potent than clavulanic acid and include type I Cephases in the spectmm of inhibition. Table 3 Hsts the available P-lactamase inhibition data. Synergy is frequendy difficult to demonstrate because the compounds are often potent antibacterials. 

The 6-methoxymethylene penicillanic acid [93040-42-7] (31, R = CH OCH (2)-isomer, R" = R " = 3) designed to mimic the amino acrylate species found usiag clavulanic acid and sulbactam. Upon the reaction of this compound with the enzyme, the potential exists for further Michael addition to inactivate the enzyme. The compound is indeed a -lactamase inhibitor but no synergy data have been reported. The related imine stmcture... 

Rapid advances in understanding the nature and behaviour of materials required both kinds of skill, in measurement and in theory, acting in synergy among metallurgists, this only came to be recognised fully around the middle of the twentieth century, at about the same time as materials science became established as a new discipline. 

I shall be wholly convinced of the beneficial conceptual synergy between polymers and other classes of materials when polymer scientists begin to make more extensive use of phase diagrams. 

The framework to be described later in this chapter can be seen as a complementary procedure to hardware orientated hazard identification procedures. Ideally, the two approaches should be applied in parallel to a plant evaluation, in order to benefit from the synergy of considering both perspectives. 

Once you have identified all the PSM and ESH programs and elements within your organization, you can develop a chart that shows the potential synergies with your Quality Management program. One axis of this table will be the programs and elements you identified and listed in Exhibit 2-7. The other axis will be the requirements of your Quality Management system. 

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