Synergy definition

Hertzberg RC, MacDonell MM. 2002. Synergy and other ineffective mixture risk definitions. Sci Total Environ 288 31 -2. 

Abstract This article summarizes a large amount of work carried out in our laboratory on polysiloxane based Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs). First, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) network has been combined with a cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) network in order to improve its mechanical properties. Second, a PDMS network was combined with a fluorinated polymer network. Thanks to a perfect control of the respective rates of formation of each network it has been possible to avoid polymer phase separation during the IPN synthesis. Physicochemical analyses of these materials led to classify them as true IPNs according to Sperling s definition. In addition, synergy of the mechanical properties, on the one hand, and of the surface properties, on the other hand, was displayed. 

Although there is no commonly accepted definition of a membrane reactor (MR), the term is usually applied to operations where the unique abilities of membranes to organize, compartmentalize, and/or separate are exploited to perform a (bio)chemical conversion under conditions that are not feasible in the absence of a membrane. In every MR, the membrane separation and the (bio)catalytic conversion are thus combined in such a way that the synergies in the integrated setup entail enhanced processing and improved economics in terms of separation, selectivity, or yield, compared to a traditional configuration with reactor and separation separated in time and space. When the membrane itself carries the catalytic functions, it is mostly referred to as a reactive membrane. ... 

Synergistic integration (see Sect.. 5..5) is not handled in the PPM up to now. Hence, there is the question, where to place this part of the model. The corresponding specification should not to be included in the application domain model, because the definition of synergy refers to tool functionality. Also, synergy is not easy to be determined on a conceptual realization layer, since different specification formalisms are used in the tool realization case studies (i.e. column (b) on the one and columns (c) and (d) on the other hand). 

As explained in detail in Sect. 5.5 these new tool functionalities can again be sjmergistically integrated. There is no other literature available where the integration of novel collaboration concepts is studied (two-level integration). Hence, synergy is definitely a topic of success to be mentioned in this section reviewing our achievements on tools. 

A computer survey of the patent literature made a year ago came up with 515 recent patents claiming herbicidal synergies. A perusal of the abstracts of 45 of them, chosen as a sample, showed that the patent community uses a broader definition of synergy than used here they believe that there is a synergism when two herbicides control more weed species than each separately. This would better be termed "complementarity. The overlap of control range allows a lowering of herbicidal rates, which may or may not be due to a metabolic... 

Sometimes the additive effects are solely toxic (e.g. additive ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, bone marrow depression, QT interval prolongation). Examples of these reactions are listed in Table 1.7 , (see below). It is common to use the terms additive , summation , synergy or potentiation to describe what happens if two or more drugs behave like this. These words have precise pharmacological definitions but they are often used rather loosely as synonyms because in practice it is often very difficult to know the extent of the increased activity, that is to say whether the effects are greater or smaller than the sum of the individual effects. 

In the majority of mechanical applications of materials, their surfaces experience contact with another material and take the external load before the bulk of the material is influenced. In some cases, surface interactions influence the bulk (e.g., propagation of cracks dislocations or point defects from the surface in depth). In many cases, only the outermost surface layer is affected by the surface contact with no detectable changes in the bulk of the material. This is like a storm that is frightening and destructive on the ocean surface, but does not have any influence on deep-water life. We are primarily concerned in this review with that kind of interaction. The surface layer thickness affected by external mechanical forces ranges from nanometers to microns. Thus, in our case, the definition of surface is different from the one used by surface scientists, that is, physicists and chemists. We introduce here an engineering definition of surface the outermost layer of the material that can be influenced by physical and/or chemical interaction with other surfaces and/or the environment. In this chapter, we consider only mechanical effects, but both mechanical and chemical interactions are possible and their synergy can lead to mechanochemical alteration of a material surface. 

In several cases, materials for combined erosive and corrosive conditions have been evaluated on the basis of separate erosion and corrosion studies and data, with the consequence that the synergistic effects are left out of the evaluation. Since one or the other of these effects may be large, the conclusions may be quite wrong. For materials fliat usually are passive due to a dense oxide film, such as stainless steels, Wc is by definition very low. But since sand erosion more or less destroys the passive film, the corrosion rate increases strongly and may reach very high values, i.e. the contribution of Wce may be particularly high for these materials. The other synergy effect, Wec, is most pronounced for ceramic-metallic materials in which the metallic phase has inferior corrosion resistance, e.g. for a cemented carbide with a metallic phase of cobalt (WC-Co). 

Table 9A.1 shows each RTCA/DO-254 objective mapped to the corresponding lifecycle data (evidence) required to satisfy it. This table is not explicitly included in RTCA/DO-254, however it has been produced consistent with the RTCA/DO-178C table format in order to show the relationship between objectives and lifecycle data, and the synergies that exist between the standards. RTCA/DO-254 provides further definition of the lifecycle data outputs/evidence, which the reader should refer to understand the information requirements of the lifecycle data outputs. 

These authors would exclude legal combinations from their definition of partnerships. Our view is that legal combinations do fall within the partnership umbrella. Most mergers and joint ventures have some supply chain implications seeking synergy in the form of new markets or cost efficiencies from the combination. 

As in many other experimental areas, vibrational action spectroscopy strongly relies on theoretical calculadmis to provide a clear and definitive picture of the structures of the molecular assemblies. The synergy between experiments and theoretical calculations is visible in the publications almost 100% of the papers... 

Agile resources definition is the process in which the most important aspect is definition of corporate strategy including rough identification of scope and range of business activity. Human resources definition should cover all the capabilities potentially necessary to perform company s processes, while technical resources should be defined in a way providing synergy between human and technical elements of the system. 

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