Synergies ratio effect

Bromine/phosphorus synergy was investigated in a 2/1 polycarbonate/ polyethylene terephthalate blend. Synergy was demonstrated when blends of brominated and phosphorus compounds were used. The synergy is even more pronounced with a compound containing both elements in the same compound. This was dependant on the bromine/phosphorus ratio in the compound. Phosphorus was shown to be 9 to 10 times more effective than bromine in this resin blend. 

In a recent work we were able to show that an electronic effect was detected between Bi2Mo30i2 and a mixed iron and cobalt molybdate with an enhancement of the electrical conductivity of the cobalt molybdate with the substitution of the cobaltous ions by the ferrous ions (7). However this effect alone cannot explain the synergy effect and we have investigated the influence of both the de ee of subtitution of the cobalt with the iron cations in the cobalt molybdate and the ratio of the two phases (for a given substituted cobalt molybdate) on the catalytic propert cs of the mixture.We have tried to characterize by XPS and EDX-STEM the catalysts before and after the catalytic reaction in order to detect a possible transformation of the solid. The results obtained are presented and discussed in this study. 

Thyroid hormones can have a re-partitioning effect upon body composition or muscle-to-fat ratio. As example were the many athletes whose weight was 250 LBS but only 10% bodyfat when total daily circulating thyroid hormone levels were elevated 10-50%. This would be due to thyroid hormone activity inducing improved nutrient metabolization and cellular efficiency combined with other hormone synergy. Of course, this is what "Absolute Anabolic Phases" were all about. But those who read about" Frank N. Steroid" already know about this effect and how it was created. 

Figure 19.3 Hffcct of synergi/ing carbamate insecticides on dosage-jnortalitv response of the house fly. Ratio of carbamate to PBO, i 5. PBO applied alone effected no mortality al the doses used. Reproduced with permission from Muttrcfictd (195H).

The advantages or beneficial effects introduced by the carbon phase are often described in terms of a synergy factor (R) defined by Matos et al. [14]. This factor has been used by many authors, as the ratio between the apparent first-order rate constants measured for the composite catalyst containing both phases and just for bare Ti02 ... 

A known theory states that the active sites of the Cu-ZnO catalysts for methanol synthesis are metallic Cu which is not dependent on any synergy effect with metal oxides or supports. According to their reports, at the first step of the reaction scheme, the COj component adsorbs on the partially oxidized Cu as a symmetric carbonate, and then this is hydrogenated to a formate species. Also it is claimed that the role of CO is to keep the Cu in a highly reduced state therefore, the oxygen coverage of the Cu is a function of the CO2/CO ratio. In this thesis, the electronic nature of the active site during the reaction seems to be a little indefinite. 

Until the beginning of the 1970s, the birth of the concept of cobalt-molybdenum synergy appears only in few publications firom petroleum companies research laboratories. In 1943, Byms and co-workers (12), of Union Oil of California, published the first study showing vmder semi-industrial conditions the relative activities of M0O3 and CoO and the mechanical mixture of these two oxides, which they compared to C0M0O4 supported on bentonite. These authors demonstrated that a mixture of molybdenum and cobalt in their oxidic state should be chemically associated in order to be very active, whereas the simple mechanical mixture only showed the additive activities of the individual oxides. In 1959, Beuther and co-workers (13), of Gulf Oil Company, published the first systematic study of the HDS activity of CoMo and NiMo supported on alumina as a function of the atomic ratio Co(Ni)/Mo. As a result, they showed what they called a promoter effect of the cobalt (or nickel) on the molybdenum for atomic ratios Co/Mo = 0.3 and Ni/Mo = 0.6... 

One of the most striking aspects of antifoam behavior is the synergy shown by mixtures of insoluble hydrophobic particles and hydrophobic oils when dispersed in aqueous media. We illustrate this behavior in Figure 4.69 with a plot of the ratio F (defined by Equation 4.71) against antifoam composition for a mixture of methyl-silane hydrophobed silica and liquid paraffin. Foam from a solution of 0.5 g dm ( 1.4 X 10 M) commercial sodium (C10-C14) alkylbenzene sulfonate was generated by cylinder shaking [43]. The liquid paraffin is seen to be virtually without effect on... 

While 70 percent of the NOx emissions can be explained by this equation, 30 percent remain unexplained. Included in the 30 percent are the synergistic effects between the wood waste and the petroleum coke. When firing a blend of 22.5 percent petroleum coke/7.S percent wood waste, NOx emissions were reduced by 30 percent— to 0.409 kg/GJ (0.95 lb/10 Btu). This exceeds the values predicted by equation [2-8]. The reality of this synergy is shown by equation [2-10], where the petroleum coke and urban wood waste are combined as an opportunity fuel on a 2 1 and 3 1 mass ratio basis. 

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