Synergy effect

Synergy The increased effect achieved by two or more substances working together over and above the simple additive effect. Synergy is important in genuine essential oils, where components are synergistic and the effect of the whole is greater than the sum of its separate parts. 

Laborelec s future realisations are vibration analysis, control of inspection robots, and all types of system monitoring. LabVIEW will be used as common tool for developers for the coming years. The synergy effect of a common language for everything concerning acquisition, analysis and processing of data will be beneficial for the whole company. 

Synergy has been reported between lL-1, lL-3, and SCE, ki enhancing the survival of lethaHy kradiated mice engrafted with 2 x 10 BM cells and immediately given cytokiaes once daily for five days (173). SCE alone does not enhance survival, and lL-1 or lL-3 has limited effect. Pretreatkig mice with thymopentki, a synthetic pentapeptide derivative of thymopoietin, enhances the protective effect of lL-1 a, as kidicated by 30-day survival (174). 

Acesulfame-K—aspartame blends exhibit a significant synergistic effect (Fig. 4) (65,66). This synergy provides large cost savings for the diet foods industry. The blend also has a more rounded taste. Each sweetener apparendy masks the off-taste associated with the other. Increased blend usage is expected. 

Phosphorus -bromine flame retardant synergy was demonstrated in a 2/1 polycarbonate/polyethylene blend. These data also show phosphorus to be about ten times more effective than bromine in this blend. Brominated phosphates, where both bromine and phosphorus are in the same molecule, were also studied. In at least one case, synergy is further enhanced when both phosphorus and bromine are in the same molecule as compared with a physical blend of a phosphorus and a bromine compound. On a weight basis, phosphorus and bromine in the same molecule are perhaps the most efficient flame retardant combination. The effect of adding an impact modifier was also shown. 

Phosphorus/bromine combinations are perhaps the most effective flame retardant combination (ref. 3) and claims have been made for synergy. The formation of phosphorus trichloride or oxychloride has been postulated by analogy to that of the formation of antimony trichloride and oxychloride but there is no evidence for this mechanism. Some reports of synergy appear to be a result of a nonlinear response to the flame retardant concentration. 

A comparison of bromine and phosphorus compounds on the flammability of PET fiber shows phosphorus (as phosphine oxide) to be 3.7 times more effective than bromine (Table 1). No synergy was observed. Nevertheless, phosphorus was shown to be more effective than antimony normally used as a synergist, resulting in a higher oxygen index at a lower concentration (Table 2). 

Bromine/phosphorus synergy was investigated in a 2/1 polycarbonate/ polyethylene terephthalate blend. Synergy was demonstrated when blends of brominated and phosphorus compounds were used. The synergy is even more pronounced with a compound containing both elements in the same compound. This was dependant on the bromine/phosphorus ratio in the compound. Phosphorus was shown to be 9 to 10 times more effective than bromine in this resin blend. 

Very occasionally a combination of antimicrobial agents exhibits synergy. Synergy is measured against a single microorganism and is exhibited when a combination of two compounds exerts a greater inhibitory effect than could be expected from a simple additive effect of the two compounds in the mixture. 

In the late 1960s it was discovered (Entina, 1968 Binder et al., 1972) that a strong synergy effect exists in the platinum-ruthenium system. Alloys of these two metals are two to three orders of magnitude more active catalytically for the anodic oxidation of methanol than pure platinum, whereas pure ruthenium is altogether inactive for this reaction. Prolonged exploitation of such anodes is attended by a gradual decrease in catalytic activity of the alloys because of slow anodic dissolution of ruthenium from the surface layer. A similar simation is seen for platinum-tin alloys, which... 

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