Intensity vs. time

These time-intensity effects are illustrated in Fig. 42 by a plot of perceived intensity vs. time, curve A being given by a stimulus molecule, such as sucrose, which exhibits rapid taste onset and cutoff, and curve B approximates the behavior of most dihydrochalcone sweeteners. 

Figure 6 NMR proton spin-echo intensity vs. time.

The typical profile of a CL transient signal (a plot of CL intensity vs. time) is a kinetic response curve that corresponds to a first-order sequence of two consecutive steps, namely (1) generation of the light-emitting product by mixing of the chemical ingredients (the substrate and oxidant), and (2) formation of the end product (Fig. 2). The rate at which each step takes place depends on the formation... 

The disappearance of m/z 649 is approximately first order, with a slope of-0.21 and R2 = 0.96 for a plot of ln[intensity] vs. time, with ty2 = 3.3 min. This number is consistent with the assumption that the hydrolysis reaction is essentially complete within 20 min. It is clear from the traces that the two hydrolysis products are generated at different rates m/z 397 is produced rapidly (cleavage of the S—N... 

Fig. 3. Raw intensity vs. time traces for the protected amino acid (m/z 649) and its hydrolyzed products (m/z 397 and 191). ESI-MS spectra were accumulated for3sto generate each set of data, so each trace consists of 380 points.

Fig. 5. Normalized intensity vs. time trace for charged silane (m/z 349) and appearance of the product of redistribution (m/z 425). The phosphonium silane has hexafluorophosphate as counterion the catalyst was added at t= 2 min and the solution heated to reflux at 20 min.

Fig. 20 Intensity vs. time plot for the competition reaction between CaAl-NOs and an equimolar mixtiue of 1,2- and 1,4-BDA. The 1,2-BDA intercalate has a d-spacing of 14.8 A ( ) and the 1,4-BDA intercalate a d-spacing of 13.4 A ( ). Reproduced with permission from Chem Mater (2000) 12 1990-1994...

Equations (10) and (16) indicate that a plot of the logarithm of the scattering intensity vs. time will behave quite differently for spinodal decomposition than for nucleation and growth, even though both mechanisms undergo an increase in the scattering intensity with time. 

Fig. 12.9 Changes of [Fe " ] and light intensity vs. time over two days at two locations of St. Kevin Gulch, Colorado, USA (McKnight et al., 1988, with permission).

Figure 16.1 Plots of potential, current and ECL emission intensity vs. time in an ECL...

Light emission was recorded with an IP 21 R.C.A. photomultiplier tube in the range 3000-7000 A. Interference filters (spectral bandwidth A A = 100-140 A.) showed that the light emission of the pic darret arises from the same emitter as that from the slow reaction—probably excited formaldehyde (16). The pic darret appears as a clear pulse on the record of light intensity vs. time (Figure 1). 

Figure 31. Simulated intensity vs. time transients for BA at 420 nm in propylene carbonate, see text and Ref. 132 for further details.

Figure 3. Hot photoluminescence intensity vs. time from GaAs. The pulse on the left is a calibrating 0.53 pulse arriving at the camera prior to the photoluminescence emission from GaAs.

In the strobe or pulse sampling technique, the sample is excited with a pulsed light source. The intensity of the fluorescence emission is measured in a very narrow time window on each pulse and saved on the computer. The time window is moved after each pulse. When data have been sampled over the appropriate range of time, a decay curve of emission intensity vs. time can be constructed. 

Figure 3. Typical intensity vs. time plot for the determination of the surface tension of A1 at 743 K.

The plots of log intensity vs. time of the phosphorescence of the Gd chelates were resolvable into two components the slow one dominates in EEA and the fast one dominates in (crystalline) CH3CN. In EEA, this behavior is independent of concentration over the range 10 2 to lO M. 

For the experimental determination of the 0, it is necessary to quantify the light output of the direct chemiluminescent process. The experimental definition of the direct chemiluminescence quantum yield is given in Eq. 36, that is, the initial rate of photon production (/q ) per initial rate of dioxetane decomposition k )[D]o). Alternatively, the total or integrated light intensity per total dioxetane decomposed can be used. The /t )[Z)]o term is readily assessed by following the kinetics of the chemiluminescence decay, which is usually first order. Thus, from a semilogarithmic plot of the emission intensity vs. time, the dioxetane decomposition rate constant kjj is obtained and the initial dioxetane concentration [Z)]o is known,especially if the dioxetanes have been isolated and purified. In those cases in which the dioxetanes are too labile for isolation and purification, [/)]o is determined by quantitative spectroscopic measurements or iodometric titration. 

Fig. 23.5. Controlling enzymatic reactions by network geometry. Fluorescent micrographs (A-C, E-G, I-K, M-N) and normalized fluorescence intensities vs. time (D, H, L, and O), representing product formation from an enzymatic reaction in networks with different geometries. Initially, the enzyme-filled vesicles are vesicle 1 in images A-C, E-G, and I-K and vesicles 1 and 5 in M-N. All other vesicles are substrate filled. The broken lines in graphs D, H, L, and O show the theoretical fit to the experimentally measured product formation. The scale bars in the images represent fOpm. Pictures are reproduced with permission [26]...

Fig. 2. Isothermal evolution at -8°C, as a function of time, of small-angle XRD peaks recorded just after quenching of cream from 50°C. Insert evolution of ak relative intensities vs. time (100% corresponds to the strongest peak) (+) 70.4 A, (A) 47 A, (O) 35.8 A, ( ) 23.7 A. 2L, double chainlength 3L, triple chainlength. See Figure 1 for other abbreviation.

The detector records this loss of spin generating a free induction decay (FID) (d), an intensity vs time plot. The FID is a measure of energy emitted by the spin system as it... 

Fig. 6 Mass spectrometric intensity vs time for etch products and reflected Xcl . with a square wave modulated ion beam. Purely physically sputtered products would have the same time dependence as the Si+ SIMS signal. The longer time scales evident in the plots for the etch products (SiF+ and SiF+) suggest chemical sputtering. (From Winters and Coburn, 1992.)...

Fig. 2. a) Photoelectron intensity vs normalized time in ML, intensity scale bar indicates corresponding change in workfunction. Insets PEEM images (20 pm) of surface taken at key stages of growth, b) Photoelectron intensity versus square-root-time at various temperatures. Inset photoelectron intensity vs time at 115°C with molecular beam shutter periodically opened and shut. 

Fig. 3.30 Delayed fluorescence intensity vs. time of a PF2/6 film at 83 K and 298 K. Excitation was at 3.49 eV Reprinted from [142], copyright 2002, with permission from the American Institute of Physics.

Oscillographic current intensity vs. time curves of amino-substituted pyrimido[5,4-c/]pyrimidines have been measured.153 One- or two-electron oxidations with a platinum electrode have been observed, depending on the type of solvent.154 The electrochemical reduction of 2,6-dimor-... 

Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) Ion intensities, vs. time, vs. electron, or photon energy (1) 1980DEF/MCI (2) 2000BOR/ING (3) 1999ABB/NOT... 

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