Industrial anionic-nonionic surfactants

The problem could be even more difficult in the case of industrial anionic/nonionic surfactants, due to their polydispersity and very low CMC in the salty environment considered here. So the corresponding needed CAC data was not available. 

Coursemin. [Sanyo Chem. Industries] Anionic/nonionic surfactants dyebath lubricant for dyeing, scouting, and bleaching. 

The ionic associates of malachite green cation with dodecyl sulfate anion has been suggested for monitoring nonionic surfactant levels in industrial wastewaters by spectrophotometric determination at 650 nm [196]. 

Such an idea was patented in 1981 (14). Besides research by Scamehom and Schechter (15) provided an experimental illustration of this by batch adsorption tests of kaolinite with some purified anionic/nonionic products. Our objective was to enlarge and test this technique under the dynamic flow conditions of industrial surfactant injection in an adsorbent porous medium. 

Anionic surfactant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, C] 2 25 3 supplied by Nihon Surfactant Industries Co., Ltd Tokyo, Japan. It was extracted with ether and recrystallized from ethanol. The purity was ascertained by surface tension measurement. Nonionic surfactant Alkyl poly(oxyethylene) ether (CjjPOEjj, CmH2nhPlO(CH2CH20)2oH, m=12, 14, 16, and 18 Ci6H330(CH2CH20) H, n=10, 20, 30, and 40) were supplied by Nihon Surfactant Industries Co., Ltd. These have a narrow molecular weight distribution. 

America s Du Pont and 3M and Japan s Sanyo pay particular attention to the development of fluorine-based surfactants. Air Products with its acetylene derivatives Surfynol and W. R. Grace with its sarcosinates (Hampshire Chemicals) have also focused on well-defined segments of the business. With world demand exceeding two million tons, the market of surfactants for industry is of a nature to attract a large number of operators, raw material suppliers, processors of these raw materials into anionic, nonionic, and cationic derivatives, or downstream industries that use surfactants in various formulations. 

Surfactant-Oil-Electrolyte Systems. In this study we used as surfactants alpha-olefin sulfonates C. , C,., and (anionic surfactants, product of Ethyl Corp.) and Enoraet AE 1215-30 (nonionic surfactant, product of Shell Development Co.). For all easurements, the surfactant concentration was chosen at 3.16 x 10 mol/1, several times above the critical micelle concentration (cmc). These particular surfactants (and concentrations) were chosen on the basis of industrial applications (6,7,15). 

With many industrial formulations, surfactants of different kinds are mixed together, for example anionics and nonionics. The nonionic surfactant molecules shield the repulsion between the negative head groups in the micelle, and consequently there will be a net interaction between the two types of molecules. Another example is the case when anionic and cationic surfactants are mixed, whereby a very strong interaction will take place between the oppositely charged surfactant molecules. To account for this interaction. Equation (3.25) must be modified by introducing activity coefficients of the surfactants,/j" and/2 in the micelle. 

Depending on the nature of the hydrophilic groups of surfactants, they can be divided into anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric surfactants. The last-mentioned class only plays a minor role with respect to domestic and industrial applications and practically no methods for the environmental analysis of amphoteric surfactants have been published so far. 

The use of antifoams is of special importance for the preparation of water-based paints [202]. Although foam problems also occur in textile and paper industries, there are some special features for paints. First, foam is formed in machines with high and medium shear rates, such as high-speed mills. The presence of a considerable foam volume inhibits the process and considerably reduces the useful load volume of the machine. Besides, foam inhibits the operation of the filling equipment. Problems also occur when paints are applied to a surface, especially using effective sprays, dipping methods and foam-curtain devices. The main reason of foam formation are surfactants used to stabilize aqueous latex dispersions. Thus, nonionic surfactants, instead of anionics, are preferred as they form less foam of low stability. 

Synthetic detergent formulations make their way into the environment via industrial waste effluents. It is important that levels of these surfactants or surface active substances be monitored. The classical analytical method which utilizes a visible spectrophotometer involves a consideration of the chemical nature of the surfactants. Surfactants are classified as being either anionic, nonionic, or cationic, depending on the nature of the organic moiety when the substance is dissolved in water. 

Alkyd emulsions are also of interest in the industrial coatings market. The alkyds used for such applications, so-called short oil alkyds, have a much higher viscosity and are most conveniently emulsified in a phase-inversion process. The emulsifier, which can either be a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant or a combination of these, is dissolved in the alkyd at high temperature and water is added under low shear so that a water-in-oil emulsion is formed. For alkyds of very high viscosity, the process must be performed in pressurized vessels to prevent boiling of the water. By adding more water and/or lowering the temperature, the emulsion is made to invert and form an oil-in-water emulsion. 

Part Two, Surfactants, contains chapters on the four major classes of surfactants, i.e. anionics, nonionics, cationics and zwitterionics, as well as chapters on polymeric surfactants, hydrotropes and novel surfactants. The physico-chemical properties of surfactants and properties of liquid crystalline phases are the topics of two comprehensive chapters. The industrially important areas of surfactant-polymer systems and environmental aspects of surfactants are treated in some detail. Finally, one chapter is devoted to computer simulations of surfactant systems. 

LC is a separation technique of great importance for formulations since it allows the quantification of a broad spectrum of compounds from surfactants to minor compounds in matrices of detergents, cosmetic products, and industrial products. LC using UV absorbance detection is used in the determination of anionic surfactants (alkylbenzene sulfonate) and nonionic surfactants (APE) in liquid pesticide formulations cationic surfactants such as cetylpyridi-nium in pharmaceutical tablets and benzalkonium... 

Early types of industrial surfactants were based on alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS), whereby aromatic compounds were first alkylated followed by the reaction of the aromatic ring with sulfuric acid. Upon neutralization with a convenient base, the result is an anionic ABS surfactant material. Later, cationic and nonionic types were inttoduced in the market. Even so, one should realize that these and most of the modern surfactants are oligomeric in size (see Eig. 4.4.2 for examples of anionic and nonionic surfactants). 

The presence of mixed surfactant adsorption seems to be a factor in obtaining films with very viscous surfaces [27], For example, in some cases, the addition of a small amount of nonionic surfactant to a solution of anionic surfactant can enhance foam stability due to the formation of a viscous surface layer possibly a liquid crystalline surface phase in equilibrium with a bulk isotropic solution phase [21, 126], To the extent that viscosity and surface viscosity influence emulsion and foam stability one would predict that stability would vary according to the effect of temperature on the viscosity. Thus, some petroleum industry processes exhibit serious foaming problems at low process temperatures, which disappear at higher temperatures [21],... 

Quite logically, new columns are developed to meet a real analytical need. Proliferation in the use of surfactants is a case in point Surfactants have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic centers and are widely used in many industries because of their abiUty to reduce surface tension. Anionic surfactants, classified as alkanesul-fonates, alkyl sulfates and alkylbenzenesulfonates, are commonly used in detergents, cleansing agents, cosmetics and hygienic products. Cationic surfactants are quaternary ammonium compounds, which are used in cosmetics, disinfectants, foam depressants, and textile softeners. Nonionic surfactants are also present in a... 

Exhibits good tolerance to electrolytes, which permits improved performance in hard water. Effective over a wide pH range. Good viscosity response and foam enhancement for household and industrial cleaners. A nonionic surfactant, compatible with anionic and cationic systems. 

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