Aerosol Surfactant

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Aerosol Surfactant Alrowet D65 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodlum Sulfosuccinate Di(2-ethylhexyl)Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Salt Sodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate Chemical Formula C8H,700CCH2CH-(S03Na)C00C8H,7. 

Surfactant aerosol also has been tested in chronic bronchitis the modest improvement in FEV1 was small, and its expense would not justify use based on these data [175]. In tests of aerosol surfactant in adults with CF treated over 5 days, no improvement was found [176]. Although instilled surfactant has become common practice for the neonatal respiratory distress of premature infants, aerosol delivery is not yet adequately developed. A recent study showed no difference in outcome for spontaneously breathing newborns who inhaled either surfactant or placebo via a CPAP mask [177]. There continues to be great appeal for the use of surfactant in adults because of the apparent success in neonates, but its use should not become practice until well-controlled trials document clinically meaningful efficacy. 

These questions of efficacy are especially important as new aerosol therapies are evaluated. Of special importance is the need for careful evaluation of aerosol treatments for acute lung injury, i.e., for patients in respiratory failure who are on a mechanical ventilator in an intensive care unit (ICU). Application of new therapies such as aerosol surfactant, various vasodilators, and others should not be adopted until clear proof of improved outcome is documented. 

Synthetic surfactant (Exosurf) was studied in a placebo-controlled trial of patients with ARDS. While this therapy also failed to show benefits, the drug was aerosolized over 5 days to administer 240 mL Exosurf. Since aerosolized surfactant is poorly delivered and was shown recently to be ineffective in neonates with RDS, this trial cannot be considered of value in gauging the efficacy of surfactant for ARDS. Also, natural surfactants that also have surfactant proteins may be a better choice. Phase 111 studies using a recombinant SP-C-based surfactant showed reduced mortality for the subgroup of patients with ARDS secondary to direct insults, although no benefit was seen for the total study population. It is important to consider etiologies for ARDS when future clinical trials are designed. 

Anzueto A, Baughman RP, Guntupalh KK, et al. Aerosolized surfactant in adults with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl JMed 1996 334 1417-1421. 

Although chronic theophylline administration has been used extensively in the past, this therapy is being employed with decreasing frequency in favor of aerosolized /32-receptor agonists. Albuterol is used most commonly, one to two puffs of the metered-dose inhaler three to four times daily. The role of aerosolized surfactant also has been assessed in patients with stable chronic bronchitis and has demonstrated encouraging results with respect to improvement in pulmonary function and sputum transport by cilia (i.e., clearance). The role of surfactant as a carrier vehicle for other aerosol medications also appears promising and most likely will continue to be evaluated. 

Anzueto A, Jubran M, Ohan JA, et al. Effects of aerosolized surfactant in patients with stable bronchitis A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 1997 278 957-960. 

Barite BaS04 Na2C03, Na2Si03 AICI3, FeCb, Barium salt, lead salt R-710, 765, 825, 830, 840,845, oil acids and sulfates Alcohols, pine oil, cresylic add Aerosol surfactant Na2Si03, citric acid... 

Manganese tungstate MnW04 Acid or alkaline medium R-710,765, 825, oil acids Alcohols, pine oil. Aerosol surfactant ... 

Polymer Areas Excellent for acrylic polymerizations at low surfactant use levels. Particle size of polymer in latex is controlled during polymerization when used in conjunction with other AEROSOL surfactants. Yields high solids, low viscosity latexes. 

Gas-to-particle conversion is an important secondary source of aerosol surfactants. Inorganic aerosols may acquire an organic component via in situ interactions with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a family of processes... 

Condensed-phase chemistry is another possible source of aerosol surfactants. The oxidation of aerosol organic material yields functionalized products which may be surface-active [98]. Oxidative processing of water-soluble species in cloud or aerosol water may result in the formation of surface-active organic acids such as malonic and malic acids [99,100]. Surface-active HULIS or organosulfate species may also form in situ in aerosol or cloud water [84, 85, 101-104]. 

Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate — (i) Chemical Designations — Synonyms Aerosol Surfactant Alrowet D65 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodium Sulfosuccinate Di(2-ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Salt Sodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate Chemical Formula CgHi OOCCHjCH-(SOjNalCOOCgHp (ii) Observable Characteristics — Physical State (as normally shipped) Waxy solid or water solution Color Colorless or off-white Odor None (iii) Physical and Chemical Properties — Physical State at 15 "Cand I am. Solid or liquid Molecular Weight 444 ... 

Diels-Alder reactions, 138, 139, 145 MA radical polymerization, 244 Adipic acid, polyesters use, 480, 481, 493 Addition polymerization, MA use, 239 Aerosol surfactants, dialkyl sulfosuccinates, 53 Alanine, / and d, SMA resin reaction, 430... 

Although new products are announced almost daily, no truly effective antistatic agent exists for the majority of plastics, polyolefins being particularly hard to treat. Many fabricators opt for the temporary solution of spraying the surface of the fabricated article with an aerosol surfactant to protect the surface against dust build-up while the product is on display in a store. 

Hohlfeld J, Hoymann HG, Molthan J, Fabel H, Heinrich U. Aerosolized surfactant inhibits acetylcholine-induced airway obstruction in rats. Eur Respir J 1997 10 2198-2203. 

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