Wetting sulfosuccinates

LialkylSulfosuccinates. Introduced in 1939 by the American Cyanamid Company under the Aerosol trademark, dialkyl sulfosuccinates have become widely used specialty surfactants (Table 8) (9). Within the limitations in hydrolytic stabiUty imposed by the presence of the ester groups, sulfosuccinates are mild, versatile surfactants used when strong wetting, detergency, rewetting, penetration, and solubilization effectiveness is needed. 

A central task for modern surfactant types in household and cosmetic use is good applicational behavior—foaming, wetting properties, hardness sensitivity, and so on—combined with reasonable dermatological properties. This chapter will give an overview about one of these the sulfosuccinates (Fig. 1). 

This chapter will cover sulfosuccinate monoesters and diesters. The monoesters are best used in cosmetics and toiletries the diesters—especially those based on 2-ethylhexanol—play an important role in, for example, the textile industry due to their outstanding wetting activities [5]. Sulfosuccinamates and sulfosuccinamides are consumed in technical fields like emulsion polymerization. The next section discusses the historical development of the sulfosuccinates. 

Analytical methods for qualitative and quantitative determination of all kinds of surfactants have long been established. There can be found either wet chemical methods—like titration—or methods of instrumental analytics. A classical method for anionic surfactants is the so-called two-phase-titration [63]. Using this method nearly every molecule bearing an anionic group is detected. The correct determination of sulfosuccinates is limited to the interferences of the other ingredients and byproducts present. With few exceptions all sulfosuccinates react with special indicators, e.g., hyamin 1622 (Rohm and Haas), to form an anionic-cationic complex and hence are to be analyzed by active content titration. 

TABLE 13 Wetting Properties of Sulfosuccinate Diesters According to the Draves Test (g/L to give 25-s wetting time)... 

Table 13 compares the wetting power of different sulfosuccinate diesters based on another method [69]. The classification is very similar to that mentioned in Table 12. 

The application of sulfosuccinates in the field of household products is limited. But when extremely-good wetting properties are desired the short C-chain dialkyl sulfosuccinates are used. Examples are special glass cleansers (beer glass cleaner, spectacle glass cleaner, windscreen cleaner), floor cleaner, and wallpaper stripper. The amount added to the formula is between 0.5% and 2.5%, although for wallpaper stripper up to 20% is used. A typical formulation for a glass cleaner is ... 

Dihexyl sulfosuccinate is used to improve the wetting and spreading characteristics of water-soluble pesticide sprays. In liquid fertilizers, insecticides, and fungicides, dioctyl sulfosuccinate will increase their penetrating ability. 

The broad spectrum of the raw goods occurring in the leather and fur industry [95] necessitates various wet treatment processes in which surfactants and emulsifiers play a big role, e.g., in the regeneration of raw goods, which are preserved with salt, or by drying short-chain sulfosuccinates. To achieve hydro-phobizing effects, sulfosuccinate as emulsifiers are fixed on the surface by salts of aluminum or chromium. 

Controlling fluid loss loss is particularly important in the case of the expensive high density brine completion fluids. While copolymers and terpolymers of vinyl monomers such as sodium poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide-coacrylic acid) has been used (H)), hydroxyethyl cellulose is the most commonly used fluid loss additive (11). It is difficult to get most polymers to hydrate in these brines (which may contain less than 50% wt. water). The treatment of HEC particle surfaces with aldehydes such as glyoxal can delay hydration until the HEC particles are well dispersed (12). Slurries in low viscosity oils (13) and alcohols have been used to disperse HEC particles prior to their addition to high density brines. This and the use of hot brines has been found to aid HEC dissolution. Wetting agents such as sulfosuccinate diesters have been found to result in increased permeability in cores invaded by high density brines (14). 

In tanneries, sodium bisulfite is used to accelerate the unhairing action of lime. It is also used as a chemical reagent in the synthesis of surfactants (qv). Addition to alpha-olefins under radical catalyzed conditions yields sodium alkylsulfonates (wetting agents). The addition of sodium bisulfite under base-catalyzed conditions to dialkyl maleates yields the sulfosuccinates. 

Figure 36. Wetting power of disodium sulfosuccinate half ester of Clt.lk secondary alcohol ethoxylates (SFT-MES-series). Test conditions surfactant concentration—0.1 wt % cloth—wool. ((-%-) SFT-MES-series (- -) LAS)...

Granulation - the uses of HMX are such, that 6 classes are required Class A to Class F, inclusive - the coarsest crystals being retained on a US Std Sieve No 12 and finest cry stals passing thru a a No 325- The granulation is determined by aid of a mechanical sieve washer and pressure tank, using eth anol sat with HMX or a spray nozzle under water tap pressure, and a 2% solution of a wetting agent such as dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (Aerosol-OT)... 

WETTER OS-75 is a pure, 75% active solution of sodium di (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate. It is one of the most powerful wetting agents known and is useful wherever rapid, uniform penetration by aqueous solutions is required. 

Monawets [ICI]. TM for a group of surfactants of di-octyl, di-hexyl, di-isobutyl, and di-tride-cyl sulfosuccinates known for their wetting, spreading, penetrating and emulsifying power. 

Airrol CT-1. [Toho Chem. Industry] Dialkyl sulfosuccinate wetting agoit, dyeing assistant, penetrant for agric. pesticides. 

Alrowet D-65. [Ciba-Geigy] Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate wetting and rewetting agent fw textiles dispersant, antistat, wetting agent for NR and SR latexes. 

Astrowet. [Alco] Sulfosuccinates polymerization emulsifier, wetting agmit... 

Atlas WA-100. [Adas Refinery] Dioctyl sulfosuccinate wetting agent... 

Atsowet [Atsaun] Sulfosuccinate wetting and rewetting agent... 

ChemaL [Chemax] Ethoxylated ethers, esters, sulfosuccinates wetting agent, penetrant, emulsifier, lubricant, detergent, dispersant, solubilizer fix textile processing, cosmetics, polishes,... 

Chimin. [Auschem SpA] Betaines, sulfosuccinates, esters, phosphates conditioner, emulsifier, detergent, dispersant wetting agent antistat for cosmetics, leather processing, textiles, paper. 

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