Sulfated fats and oils

The major subgroups of anionic surfactants include the alkali carboxylates (soaps), sulfates, sulfonates, and to a smaller degree, phosphates. The esterification of alcohol with sulfuric acid yields probably the best-studied surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate or SDS. SDS, a sulfate ester, is an extremely effective emulsifier because of its high-electrostatic repulsion. Other sulfates are, for example, sulfated esters from fatty acids, sulfated ethers, and sulfated fats and oils. Sulfonates stem from the reaction of sulfonic acid with suitable substrates. Members of the class of sulfonates are, for example, sulfonic acid salts or aliphatic sulfonates. Other anionic surfactants include substances such as carboxylated soaps and esters of phosphoric acid. 

Sulfonation yields turkey red oil (- sulfated fats and oils), which is used in - textile auxiliaries. Alkali fusion of c. dissolved in octane at 180-200 °C yields methyl hexyl ketone and 10-hydroxy decanoic acid. At 250-275 °C, octanol-2 and - sebacic acid are obtained. 

Madder (alizarin) is derived from more than 35 species of Rubiaceae roots (mainly Rubia cordi-folia L.). Once the main cotton dye in Europe (cultivated in France and Holland) and the Middle East, it has been substituted totally by synthetic dyes. Turkey red was a common dyeing process with a combination of turkey red oil (- sulfated fats and oils), alum and madder. 

Fatty acids, their esters and triglycerides have lubricating functions. Under higji-pressure conditions, - sulfated fats and oils and sulfonated oils (- sulfated fats and oils) show good performance. Because a drilling hole is sometimes a corrosive environment corrosion inhibitors have to be added to drilling muds. - Fatty acid amino amides, - imidazoline derivatives and - fatty amines are effective. 

A final class of sulfated alkyl surfactants is that of the sulfated fats and oils in which the sulfate esters are obtained by the treatment of a variety of hydroxylated or unsaturated natural fats and oils with sulfuric or chlorosulfonic acids. These materials represent the oldest types of commercial synthetic surfactants, dating back to the original turkey red oils. Because of the nature of the starting materials and preparation processes, the sulfated fats and oils are chemically heterogeneous materials whose properties are very sensitive to their history. In fact, the preparation of such materials may correctly be considered to be more art than science. They will contain not only sulfated glycerides similar to those discussed above but also sulfated carboxylic acids and hydroxycarboxylic acids produced by hydrolysis of the starting materials. With the increased availability of more chemically pure surfactant materials, the use of the sulfated fatty oils has decreased considerably. They do still have their uses, however, especially where purity is not a major concern and cost is important. 

Although soaps have many physical properties in common with the broader class of surfactants, they also have several distinguishing factors. First, soaps are most often derived direcdy from natural sources of fats and oils (see Fats and fatty oils). Fats and oils are triglycerides, ie, molecules comprised of a glycerol backbone and three ester-linked fatty oils. Other synthetic surfactants may use fats and oils or petrochemicals as initial building blocks, but generally require additional chemical manipulations such as sulfonation, esterification, sulfation, and amidation. 

Fats and Oils. Fats and oils (6) are traditionally sulfated using concentrated sulfuric acid. These are produced by the sulfation of hydroxyl groups and/or double bonds on the fatty acid portion of the triglyceride. Reactions across a double bond are very fast, whereas sulfation of the hydroxyl group is much slower. Yet 12-hydroxyoleic acid sulfates almost exclusively at the hydroxyl group. The product is generally a complex mixture of sulfated di-and monoglycerides, and even free fatty acids. Other feeds are castor oil, fish oil, tallow, and sperm oil. 

Alcohols used in the manufacture of alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are obtained either by chemical treatment of fats and oils or by petrochemical processes from natural gas or crude oil. In either case the hydrocarbon chain ranging from 8 to 18 carbon atoms corresponding to the composition of coconut oil is the most desirable. 

Alcohols obtained from fats and oils contain an even number of carbon atoms and they are completely linear. Alcohols obtained from petrochemical sources can be linear or branched, depending on the manufacturing process, and can also have even or odd numbers of carbon atoms. In many practical applications the small differences observed in the behavior of sulfated alcohols or indeed sulfated alcohol ethoxylates from either source is of no significance and the choice is made on economic grounds. 

Compared with the fatty alcohol sulfates, which are also oleochemically produced anionic surfactants, the ester sulfonates have the advantage that their raw materials are on a low and therefore cost-effective level of fat refinement. The ester sulfonates are produced directly from the fatty acid esters by sulfona-tion, whereas the fatty alcohols, which are the source materials of the fatty alcohol sulfates, have to be formed by the catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation of fatty acids esters [9]. The fatty acid esters are obtained directly from the fats and oils by transesterification of the triglycerides with alcohols [10]. 

Very porous with a surface area of about 200 -250rrr /g. to batch variation in properties associated with the presence of variable amounts of sodium sulfate. Widely used for the cleanup of pesticide residues in environmental extracts and fats and oils. 

Fats and oils are renewable products of nature. One can aptly call them oil from the sun where the sun s energy is biochemically converted to valuable oleochemicals via oleochemistry. Natural oleochemicals derived from natural fats and oils by splitting or tran -esterification, such as fatty acids, methyl esters, and glycerine are termed basic oleochemicals. Fatty alcohols and fatty amines may also be counted as basic oleochemicals, because of their importance in the manufacture of derivatives (8). Further processing of the basic oleochemicals by different routes, such as esterification, ethoxylation, sulfation, and amidation (Figure 1), produces other oleochemical products, which are termed oleochemical derivatives. 

Apart from lubricants, spin finishes contain antistatic and spreading and emulsifying agents. These are generally alkyl sulfates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, sulfonated fats and oils and poly(ethylene glycol)-modified fatty acids, fatty acid amides, fatty alcohols, and fatty amines. Potassium alkyl phosphates are extensively used in the production of polyester staple fibers. 

Determination of Irgasan DP 300 (41) in slaughterhouse wastewater involved alkaliniza-tion to pH 11, removal of fats and oils by LEE with petroleum ether, acidification to pH 1, LEE with benzene, further purification by sodium sulfate/silica gel adsorption, desorption, derivatization with diazomethane and end analysis by GC with electron capture detection (LCD). LOD was 8.2 ngL" recovery was better than 88% regardless of concentration. ... 

Many surfactants are made from petroleum with hazardous reagents. Sulfur trioxide was used with the carcinogen benzene to make the alkylbenzenesulfonates described earlier. The carcinogen ethylene oxide is used to make many nonionic surfactants from phenols and long-chain alcohols. A common surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, is made from an alcohol derived from coconut oil by reduction followed by treatment with sulfur trioxide. Long-chain tertiary amines derived from natural fats and oils are quat-ernized with methyl chloride. Perhaps this can be done with... 

The chemical resistance of latex-modified mortar and concrete is dependent on the nature of polymers added, polymer-cement ratio and the nature of the chemicals. Most latex-modified mortars and concretes are attacked by inorganic or organic acids and sulfates since they contain hydrated cement that is non-resistant to these chemical agents, but resist alkalis and various salts except the sulfates. Their chemical resistance is generally rated as good to fats and oils, but poor to organic solvents. 

The main anionic-active components are the alkali, earth alkali, ammonium and amine salts of fatty acids, and the sulfated and sulfonated components. The first four types are also called soaps. Soaps are created by alkaline hydrolysis of natural fats and oils (saponification). This results in producing palmitic, stearic and oleic acid as fatty acids and sodium (hard soap) and potassium (soft soap) as alkali-ions. 

Cationic detergents are usually produced by alkylation of fatty amines (see Section 5.3.3.7 for details) with short-chain alkyl chlorides, dimethyl sulfate, or diethyl sulfate. Thus, a cationic detergent takes its fatty amine part from natural fats and oils while the alkylation agent is typically produced from fossil resources. 

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