Catalytic hydrogenation high pressure

Higher molecular primary unbranched or low-branched alcohols are used not only for the synthesis of nonionic but also of anionic surfactants, like fatty alcohol sulfates or ether sulfates. These alcohols are produced by catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation of the methyl esters of fatty acids, obtained by a transesterification reaction of fats or fatty oils with methanol or by different procedures, like hydroformylation or the Alfol process, starting from petroleum chemical raw materials. 

Compared with the fatty alcohol sulfates, which are also oleochemically produced anionic surfactants, the ester sulfonates have the advantage that their raw materials are on a low and therefore cost-effective level of fat refinement. The ester sulfonates are produced directly from the fatty acid esters by sulfona-tion, whereas the fatty alcohols, which are the source materials of the fatty alcohol sulfates, have to be formed by the catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation of fatty acids esters [9]. The fatty acid esters are obtained directly from the fats and oils by transesterification of the triglycerides with alcohols [10]. 

Hydrocracking a catalytic high-pressure high-temperature process for the conversion of petroleum feedstocks in the presence of fresh and recycled hydrogen carbon-carbon bonds are cleaved in addition to the removal of het-eroatomic species. 

In the analysis of fatty oils complete expelling of the oxygen by a catalytic high pressure hydrogenation process reduces the problem to the analysis of saturated hydrocarbon mixtures. Such drastic chemical transformations should be executed under strongly controlled conditions only. 

Derivation By catalytic reduction of 1,8-dihydrox-yanthraquinone with hydrogen at high pressure. 

After saturation of olefins and aromatics by catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation at low temperature, the liquid product contained 34% Cs, 21% C , 10% C , 5% Ca paraffins, naphthenes, and 11% higher-boiling hydrocarbons. The Cs fraction consisted of 91% 2-methylbutane and 9% n-pentane. The C( fraction contained 3% 2,2-dimethylbutane, 47% 2,3-dimethylbutane, 31% 2-methylpentane, 16% 3-methylpentane, and 3% methylcyclopentane n-hexane was not detected. 

By 1931 the oil industry s interest in and enthusiasm for catalytic high-pressure hydrogenation had become global. But both were short-lived because of the late 1930 discovery of the huge East Texas oil field. One... 

Aromatic rings in lignin may be converted to cyclohexanol derivatives by catalytic hydrogenation at high temperatures (250°C) and pressures (20—35 MPa (200—350 atm)) using copper—chromium oxide as the catalyst (11). Similar reduction of aromatic to saturated rings has been achieved using sodium in hquid ammonia as reductants (12). 

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