Succinic acid, ammonium salt

Gerhardt s criterion of dibasic (and polybasic) acids is that these yield two (or more) esters of which one (or more) is acid and one is neutral. Monobasic acids form only one amide, one nitrile and one anilide, whilst the acid ammonium salts of dibasic acids (e.g. succinic) by loss of water can form also an amide-acid and a nitrile, and only the dibasic acids give anilide-acids. Salts and esters of succinic acid were investigated by F. Darcet, who discovered succinic anhydride, succinamide and succinimide, and all were again investigated by Fehling. ... 

A) AMMONIUM SALTS. R COONH4. Ammonium salts of formicy acetic oxalic, succinic, tartaric, citric acid benzoic, salicylic (and other substituted benzoic acids) phthalic and cinnamic acids. 

Ammonium salts of alkenyl succinic half-amides have teen described for use as corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production technology to combat corrosion by media containing CO2, H2S, and elemental sulfur [1366]. The inhibitor composition may contain a dispersing agent, such as a low molecular weight or polymeric anionic surfactant like an alkylsulfonic acid or an alkyl-aryl sulfonic acid. 

Ammonium Salts. — 1 gm. of succinic acid, on being heated with 10 cc. of sodium hydroxide solution (sp. gr. 1.3), should liberate no ammonia (to be ascertained with moist litmus paper). 

Calcium Pyroarsenite, Ca2As205, is a white powder obtained by slowly precipitating a solution of arsenious acid with excess of lime-water, or by adding calcium chloride or sulphate to aqueous ammonium arsenite, and heating the precipitate to 105° C.7 If the product is dried in the air at the ordinary temperature, the monohydrate is obtained. At red heat calcium arsenate is formed. The pyroarsenite is only slightly soluble in water, 100 parts dissolving 0-025 to 0-030 part of the salt. It is more soluble in the presence of alkali chlorides and some ammonium salts, such as the nitrate, sulphate, acetate and succinate.8 It also dissolves in dilute acids. 

The Hofmann elimination reaction is not often used today in the laboratory, but analogous biological eliminations occur frequently, althougli usually with protonated ammonium ions rather than quaternary ammonium salts. In the bio-svnthesis of nucleic acids, for instance, a substance called adenylo.succinate... 

German name, Trauben-saure, is derived from the word for grapes. It is probable that it does not exist in grapes as racemic acid but that it is formed from the dextro acid as this transformation can easily be effected by the action of acids or even by water alone. When tartaric acid is prepared synthetically from succinic acid, from glyoxal, or from malic, maleic or fumaric acids either racemic acid or meso-tartaric acid is always formed. That is, synthetic reactions result in the formation of an inactive form. The methods of splitting racemic acid into its optically active components has been fully discussed. The sodium-ammonium racemate is the only salt that is of importance. This has been spoken of in connection with the method of splitting racemic acid into its components.. Like the free acid this salt exists, in dilute solution, as equal molecular parts of the dextro and levo forms. Only in concentrated solution does it exist as the racemate itself. 

Fig. 1.8 Asaccharolytic fermentation produces ammonia and short-chain fatty acids. This group of fermentations by oral bacteria utilizes proteins, which are converted to peptides and amino acids. The free amino acids are then deaminated to ammonia in a reaction that converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to NADH. For example, alanine is converted to pyruvate and ammonia. The pyruvate is reduced to lactate, and ammonium lactate is excreted into the environment. Unlike lactate from glucose, ammonium lactate is a neutral salt. The common end products in from plaque are ammonium acetate, ammonium propionate, and ammonium butyrate, ammonium salts of short chain fatty acids. For example, glycine is reduced to acetate and ammonia. Cysteine is reduced to propionate, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia alanine to propionate, water, and ammonia and aspartate to propionate, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Threonine is reduced to butyrate, water, and ammonia and glutamate is reduced to butyrate, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Other amino acids are involved in more complicated metabolic reactions that give rise to these short-chain amino acids, sometimes with succinate, another common end product in plaque.

The nitrogen sources may be ammonium salts such as citrate, tartrate, malate, succinate, oxalate, acetate and the like amino acids and their mixtures, peptides or proteins, their hydrolysates, meat extracts, hydrosoluble fractions of cereal-like com or wheat corn malt extract, corn steep liquor, soya-bean meal, peanut meal, chick-pea meal, cotton bean meal. 

However, for economy of production, maximum yields of alkaloids, and ease of recovery of the products, certain culture media containing relatively simple nutrient sources are preferred. For example, the media which are useful in the production of the alkaloids include an assimilable source of carbon such as glucose, sucrose, starch, molasses, dex-trins, corn steep solids, corn syrup liquor, sorbitol, mannitol, lactose, and the like. A preferred source of carbon is mannitol. Additionally, the media employed contain a source of assimilable nitrogen such as oatmeal meat extracts, peptones, amino acids and their mixtures, proteins and their hydrolysates, com steep liquor, soybean meal, peanut meal and ammonium salts of organic acids such as the citrate, acetate, malate, oxalate, succinate, tartrate and like salts. 

N-Alkyl-(3-amidopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl ammonium ethyl sulfate. See Soyamidopropyl ethyidimonium ethosulfate Alkylammonium salt of (2-benzothiazolylthio) succinic acid CAS 128686-03-3 Properties M.w. 680 Uses Corrosion inhibitor for protective coatings... 

DNBAC. See Di-n-butylaluminum chloride DNBP. See 2-s-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol DNBP ammonium salt. See 4,6-Dinitro-o-s-butylphenol ammonium salt DNBS. See Di-n-butyl succinate DNBZ. See Di-n-butylzinc DNC. See 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol DNFB 2,4-DNFB. See 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene DNMS. See Sodium polynaphthalene sulfonate DNNSA. See Dinonyinaphthalene sulfonic acid DNOAI. See Di-n-octylaluminum iodide,... 

The main objective of this development was to produce a purified succinic acid product for the catalytic conversion and a solution of ammonium succinate for a new application. TTie process used was a two-stage desalting and watersplitting electrodialysis process. This double-dialysis process avoids the generation of large quantities of salt wastes, which is a common problem in the recovery of fermentation-derived organic acid such as citric acid by the gypsum process (21). The actual fermentation broths from the 75-liter and 500-liter scale-up experiments performed at ORNL were sent to ANL for use in the development of the product recovery and purification process. 

They found similar behavior for the acid salts of most strong and weak polybasic acids. The primary alkali salts exhibited 1-1 electrolyte behavior, the secondary salts could be treated as 1-2 electrolytes and the ternary salts as 1-3. The potassium, sodium and ammonium salts of HsPOi, and H3ASO1, therefore fit into the Meissner plot. They also claimed that monosodium salts of succinic and malonic acids were treatable as 1-1 electrolytes the disodium salts of fumaric and maleic acid and the bisulfates could be treated as 1-2 electrolytes. 

The form in which nitrogen is supplied to the plant is certainly important, but the effects observed have not always been consistent. Some reports indicate that plants supplied with nitrate contain less ascorbic acid than those grown on ammonium salts (Jones et al., 1944 Finch et cd., 1945 Wittwer, 1945). In other studies the reverse has been reported. With cress seedlings the effect of ammonium nitrogen depends on the type of ammonium salt fed. Ammonium sulfate and chloride depress the synthesis of ascorbic acid, but ammonium bicarbonate, acetate, or succinate have relatively little effect (Mapson et cd., 1947). When the cation of the salt is NH4+ and combined with a nonutilizable anion, e.g., sulfate or chloride, there is a marked depressant effect on the synthesis, which is reduced when the cation is combined with a utilizable anion, e.g., nitrate, succinate, bicarbonate, or acetate. Conversely, Na or K salts, when combined with a utilizable anion, increase the synthesis to a greater extent than when they are supplied in combination with nonutilizable anions. 

Salty tastes are exhibited almost exclusively by some inorganic salts (especially halides, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates and carbonates of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and ammonium salts). Salty tastes combined with other tastes are also shown by some salts of carboxylic acids (salts of formic, acetic, succinic, adipic, fumaric, lactic, tartaric and citric acids), amino acids (such as salts of glutamic acid and chohne) and some oligopeptides. 

Flash rusting is the phenomenon of formation of small brown rust spots that appear very soon after application of waterbased systems directly to steel. The problem is more prominent when the steel surface is active (for example, after blasting) and the pH is <7. To combat this problem, flash-rust inhibitors are added to waterbased coatings. They should have good water solubility. Flat surfaces are relatively easy to protect, while weld areas are considered difficult. Flash-rust inhibition at a weld area can be achieved by a combination of different products. Flash-rust inhibitors are typically based on ammonium and sodium nitrites, benzoates, metaborates and phosphates, occasionally in combination with materials such as morpholine and amino methyl propanol. Some other organic salts are also used, such as amine salts of 2-mercaptobenzothiazolyl succinic acid and calcium or barium salts of linear alkyl naphthalene sulfonic acids. Typically they are used at levels of 0.1 to 1.0 % of the total mass of paint. They also help in preventing in-can corrosion upon storage of aqueous paint. 

When the ammonium salt of the dithiocarboxylic acid 37 was employed, the corresponding succinamic acid 38 was formed in a 70% yield. The isomeric succinic acid derivative 39 was made by the reaction of maleiamic acid 40. During the reaction of the ammonium salt, therefore, it was believed that the addition across the double bond preceded the ammonolysis. 

Other materials Herbs, spices and extracts Flavouring substances identified in food Water Thiamine and thiamine hydrochloride Ascorbic, citric, lactic, fumaric, succinic and tartaric acid and their salts (Na, K, Ca, Mg, NH ) Guanylic acid, inosinic acid and their salts (Na, K, Ca) Inositol Sodium, potassium and ammonium sulphides, hydrosulphides and polysulphides Led thine pH regulators acetic, hydrochloric, phosphoric and sulphuric acid salts thereof sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium Polymethylsiloxane... 

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