From succinic acids

Succinic anhydride can be prepared from succinic acid by dehydration it operates in high boiling solvent (31), in the presence of clays as a catalyst (32), or at room temperature with triphosgene (33). 

Incineration in an approved combustion plant is the preferred method of disposal. Wastewater from succinic acid processes is suitable for biological degradation by activated sludge (188). Polymeric sorbents (189) and ferric chloride treatment processes (190) can also be used for wastes containing... 

VOLHARDT ERDMANN Thiophene synthesis Thiophene synthesis from succinic acids... 

For production of Bionolle from succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol, the yield of Bionolle and the amounts of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol used are calculated based on actual performance data of the plant of Showa Denko where Bionolle is actually produced. Consumption of steam, heavy oU, and electric power in the plant are also calculated based on the actual performance data. 

During production, Bionolle production from succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol account for 30% (around two-thirds, disregarding disposal) of the total Bionolle life cycle. Overall production of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol, which involve exothermal reactions, account for about 10% (about 25%, excluding disposal) of the total life cycle. 

Succinic anhydride has been obtained by distillation of succinic acid with phosphorus pentachloride, or from benzoyl chloride and sodium succinate.1 It has been prepared from succinic acid and phosphorus oxychloride or phosphorus pentachloride 2 by distillation of succinic acid with phosphorus pent-oxide 3 from acetyl chloride and barium succinate, or from sue-cinyl chloride and sodium acetate 4 from ethyl succinate and benzoyl chloride 5 from succinic acid and acetyl chloride, or from sucdnyl chloride and oxalic acid 6 from succinic acid and suc-cinyl chloride from succinic acid and acetic anhydride 7 from succinic add and acetyl chloride 8 and from sodium succinate and acetic anhydride.9... 

The sodium succinate was prepared from succinic acid, and was dried in shallow pans on a water bath for several days. 

Succinic acid is a potential platform chemical that is expected to be commercialised in a few years. Although the production capacity of petrochemically derived succinic acid is on the scale of 15 000 tonnes per year (Zeikus etal., 1999), the production capacity of succinic acid derivatives is over 270 000 tonnes per year (Willke and Vorlop, 2004). Fermentative production of succinic acid could offer a viable route to bulk chemical production. Figure 4.4 presents potential routes for chemical production from succinic acid (McKinlay et al., 2007). Another advantage of succinic acid microbial production is the simultaneous requirement for CO2 consumption, which reduces the emission of the most important greenhouse gas and makes fermentative succinic acid production a process of significantly low environmental impact. 

Carnahan et al. obtained good yields of alcohols and glycols by hydrogenation of lower mono- and dicarboxylic acids over ruthenium dioxide or Ru-C at 135-225°C and 34-69 MPa H2 (eqs. 10.1 and 10.2).8 In general, the optimum temperature was about 150°C. The chief side reaction was hydrogenolysis of the alcohols, as exemplified in the formation of ethanol from oxalic acid and of butanol and propanol from succinic acid (see eq. 10.2). Platinum and palladium catalysts were ineffective under similar or even more severe conditions. 

Fig. 9a4) between cyclopentadiene and a C=C bond of the dumbbell-shaped part of the rotaxane. The dumbbell-shaped part contains two dicarbonyl stations (Fig. 9a3), one derived from fumaric acid (tram -CO-C H=CH-CO-. station 1), the other derived from succinic acid (—CO-CH2-CH2-CO-, station 2). The two diamide sites of the macrocycle can form four H-bonds with the two carbonyl groups of a given station (Fig. 9al for the interaction of the two carbonyl groups of fumaric-acid-derived station 1 with the four NH groups of the macrocycle through four H-bonds, see Fig. 9a2). Station 1 (derived from fumaric acid) has a tram C=C double bond due to its preorganization, this station interacts with the macrocycle better than the station 2. Consequently, the macrocycle is initially located at station 1 (Fig. 9a5). The Diels-Alder cycloaddition (80° C, 90% yield) of cyclopentadiene to the double bond of station 1 results in a mixture of diastereomers (Fig. 9a4) and causes displacement of the macrocycle from station 1 to station 2 (Fig. 9a6). The cycloaddition is reversible and the retro-Diels-Alder reaction occurs quantitatively (250°C, reduced pressure) when cyclopentadiene dissociates from the axle of the rotaxane this produces a displacement of the macrocycle from station 2 back to station 1. 

Guerbet alcohols were previously used by the author [1] to prepare controlled molecular weight polyesters derived from succinic acid and used in skin care formulations. 

The saturated analogs, e.g., succinic anhydride or succinic esters, behave differently and only in few cases were pyridazines obtained. The reaction between succinic anhydride and various amounts of hydrazine hydrate has been studied under different reaction conditions, but always uncyclized products were formed. One of these is a polymeric hydrazide which, when treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, yielded the monobenzenesulfonyl derivative of cyclic succinhydrazide (30, R = PhS02) along with a compound formulated as bicyclic disuccinhydrazide (152, Section IV,H, 4), but later shown to be 153. Authentic cyclic succinhydrazide (30, R = H) was obtained upon reducing maleic hydrazide with aluminum amalgam. Previous claims that 30 (R = H) may be obtained from succinic acid or A-aminosuccinimide proved to be incorrect. 

Maleic Acid HOOC—CH = CH—COOH Fumaric Acid S3mthesis from Succinic Acid.—Two isomeric acids are known oi the constitution of di-carboxy ethene, or bulen-di-oic acid. They are named maleic acid and fumaric acid. Their synthesis from succinic acid establishes their constitution. Mono-brom succinic acid when... 

Such an acid as this ketone acid is known and is called oxal acetic acid, and tartaric acid does not yield this acid on heating nor does it show any properties of a ketone acid. We, thus, have no evidence that tartaric acid is the unsymmetrical di-hydroxy succinic acid. That tartaric acid is, in fact, the symmetrical di-hydroxy succinic acid is proven by its synthesis from glyoxal, and also by its synthesis from succinic acid itself. 

From Succinic Acid.—The synthesis of tartaric acid from succinic acid also proves that it must be the symmetrical di-hydroxy succinic acid. When succinic acid, by means of bromine, yields the symmetrical di-brom succinic acid this, in turn, when treated with silver hydroxide,... 

German name, Trauben-saure, is derived from the word for grapes. It is probable that it does not exist in grapes as racemic acid but that it is formed from the dextro acid as this transformation can easily be effected by the action of acids or even by water alone. When tartaric acid is prepared synthetically from succinic acid, from glyoxal, or from malic, maleic or fumaric acids either racemic acid or meso-tartaric acid is always formed. That is, synthetic reactions result in the formation of an inactive form. The methods of splitting racemic acid into its optically active components has been fully discussed. The sodium-ammonium racemate is the only salt that is of importance. This has been spoken of in connection with the method of splitting racemic acid into its components.. Like the free acid this salt exists, in dilute solution, as equal molecular parts of the dextro and levo forms. Only in concentrated solution does it exist as the racemate itself. 

Another well known case is that of the formation of succinic anhydride from succinic acid, and of succinimide from succinamic acid (p. 280,283). 

The constitution of all of these compounds is established by their syntheses from succinic acid. 

The synthesis of thiophen which proves its constitution is from succinic acid by the action of phosphorus penta-sulphide. 

Knorr, L. Synthesis of furan derivatives from succinic acid esters. Ber. 1884, 17, 2863-2870. 

A sufficient separation of all these compounds, therefore, is only achieved by using two AS4 columns in series. However, the separation of the two stereoisomers, maleic acid and fumaric acid, is much easier. It is obtained under standard conditions and is shown in Fig. 3-87. In contrast to monocarboxylic acids, the retention of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids increases with decreasing pK value. The corresponding data are summarized in Table 3-20. This finding is explained by the charge-stabilizing effect exerted by the +1-effect of the methylene groups which decreases from succinic acid to oxalic acid ... 

Lissapol LS, Ci,H33.C0.NH.CjH3(0.CH3)(S03Na), is made by the condensation of oleic acid chloride with para-anisidine sulphonic acid, and Aerosol MA, derived from succinic acid, has the constitution shown below C,H,3.0.0C.CH.S0,Na... 

The existence of this enzyme, which means that hydrogen atoms from succinic acid can be passed directly on to flavin without travelling via NAD, represents the one major branch line so far found by which hydrogen atoms can be dispatched to oxygen but bypass NAD. It is not clear why the oxidation of succinic acid should proceed by a different pathway than that of most other substrates, but it is certain that the enzyme succinic dehydrogenase which catalyses the reaction is a fairly complex one. 

We do not know whether, in drawing the chain like this, any essentia sections have been omitted, nor can we be quite sure of the details of just how the branch line from succinic acid couples with the main NAD-line, but we may be certain that the main outlines of the map we have drawn are correct. 

---