Alkylsulfonic acids

Polyaniline (PANI) can be formed by electrochemical oxidation of aniline in aqueous acid, or by polymerization of aniline using an aqueous solution of ammonium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid. This polymer is finding increasing use as a "transparent electrode" in semiconducting devices. To improve processibiHty, a large number of substituted polyanilines have been prepared. The sulfonated form of PANI is water soluble, and can be prepared by treatment of PANI with fuming sulfuric acid (31). A variety of other soluble substituted AJ-alkylsulfonic acid self-doped derivatives have been synthesized that possess moderate conductivity and allow facile preparation of spincoated thin films (32). 

The flotation of sulfidic, oxidic, and salt-type ores and, in special cases, silicate ores can be improved by the use of ether carboxylates as collectors [221,222]. In particular, the flotation of fluorite, barite, and scheelite is mentioned. Special synergistic combinations of ether carboxylates with fatty acids [223] and with vinyl- or alkylsulfonic acid polymer [224] are described. 

A related reaction reacts the sodium salt of an alkylsulfonic acid with thionyl chloride at 100°C, to give the alkyl chloride. ... 

Ammonium salts of alkenyl succinic half-amides have teen described for use as corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production technology to combat corrosion by media containing CO2, H2S, and elemental sulfur [1366]. The inhibitor composition may contain a dispersing agent, such as a low molecular weight or polymeric anionic surfactant like an alkylsulfonic acid or an alkyl-aryl sulfonic acid. 

The sulfoxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons is the easiest method for the synthesis of alkylsulfonic acids. Their sodium salts are widely used as surfactive reactants in technology and housekeeping. Platz and Schimmelschmidt [1] were the first to invent this synthetic method. Normal paraffins (Ci4-Cig) are used for the industrial production of alkylsulfonic acids [2-4]. Olefins and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons do not produce sulfonic acids under the action of sulfur dioxide and dioxygen and retard the sulfoxidation of alkanes [5-9],... 

Alkylsulfonic acids are active oxidative agents like other organic peracids. Several oxidative reactions of seodecylsulfonic peracid were studied by Safiullin et al. [41]. Peracid was found to oxidize benzene to phenol as the first intermediate product. The formed sulfonic acid accelerates the reaction. Oxidation occurs according to the stoichiometric equation... 

Fig. 2.11.24. General structural formulae of (I) perfluorinated alkylsulfonic acid, (II) partly fluorinated alkylsulfonic acid, and (III) perfluorinated carboxylic acid.

Increased retention of the analytes can also be achieved by addition of various ion-pair reagents in the mobile phase Tetrabutylammonium cations have typically been used as counter ions, at around pH 6.5, to increase retention and improve the selectivity in the analysis of monobasic penicillins (105, 123). Alkyl-sulfonic acids have been also used to improve the separation of -lactams bearing an amine function in their side chain or having a neutral side chain. Heptanesul-fonic acid (80, 103), decanesulfonic acid (87, 93, 106), dodecanesulfonic acid (77, 107-110), or mixtures of octanesulfonic and dodecanesulfonic acids (73, 75, 78, 79) constitute the principal alkylsulfonic acids used in -lactam analysis. In some applications, heptafluorobutyric acid (74, 76) or sodium thiosulfate (90, 112, 115, 116, 121, 122) has also been used as an ion-pairing reagent. 

There is no clear preference for either methanol or acetonitrile as organic modifier in the mobile phase. Nevertheless, addition of alkylsulfonic acids in the mobile phase has been employed to alter the retention and improve the peak shape and separation of trimethoprim and sulfonamides ion pairs. Pentanesulfonic acid (216), hexanesulfonic acid (275), or octanesulfonic acid (238) are tire alkylsulfonic acids used in the analysis of these drugs. 

Epoxidation of olefins by peroxy acetic acid, formed in the reaction mixture on catalytic (with H2S04 or lower alkylsulfonic acids as the catalysts) interaction between H202 and CH3COOH, is described [49] ... 

More recently, attention has shifted to the preparation of hybrid organic-inorganic ordered mesoporous silicas, e.g. of the M41S type (see earlier), bearing pendant alkylsulfonic acid moieties [18, 91-96]. These materials combine a high... 

Two compounds of sulfoacetic acid (H03SCH2C02H) were described by Hahn and Wolf in 1925, but there appears to have been no detailed study since on this ligand, or any other alkylsulfonic acid with Mn11. 

Photolysis of alkane/S02 mixtures leads to the formation of alkylsulfonic acids,the Hostapon process utilizing SOdOilhvP It is curious that this reaction seems to be so efficient, given the low e for alkane and SO2 at the wavelengths used, and an efficient chain reaction is presumably involved. The Reed reaction uses SO2/CI2/I11 to convert alkanes to the corresponding sulfonyl chlorides. Alkanes also react with SO3 to give alkyl sulfonates, sulfones and sulfates. ... 

SulfocUorination (similar to the photochemical reaction by UV), e.g. production of 10 sulfonic acid chlorides by irradiation of mixtures of carbohydrates, SO2 and CI2 Production of alkylsulfonic acids by irradiation of mixtures of carbohydrates, SO2 lO -lO ... 

Cyclic alkanes are converted to the corresponding alkylsulfonic acid with SO2/O2 and a vanadium catalyst. ... 

Esterification of acids. The widely used reaction of diazomethane with carboxylic acids was discovered by von Pechmann, who noted also the effectiveness of the reagent for the melhylation of phenols, mineral acids, hydrogen cyanide, and phthalimide. The reagent also methylates tropolones, alkylsulfonic acids, " and arylsulfonic acids. " The fact that neutral alcohols do not react with diuzomethane suggests that an acidic substance supplies a proton required for catalysis of the esteriflcatlon. 

Radical addition of thiolacetic acid to terminal olefins is the key step in a new method for the preparation of alkylsulfonic acids. The thiolacetate is obtained in... 

Solid acid catalysts, consisting of polysiloxane bearing alkylsulfonic acid groups (MCM-41), are comparable in their catalytic activity to those of the polystyrene-based cation exchange resins. These catalysts can be used in the preparation of para-Bisphenol-A by the alkylation of phenol with acetone. Other application of these catalysts lie in the alkylation of phenol with isobutene at 90-130 O . 

Procedure Formaldehyde sample from the sampler was injected into the carrier stream where it was mixed with pararosaniline and then sulfite to form an alkylsulfonic acid chromophore which can be monitored spectrophotometrically at 570 nm For calibration, standard formaldehydes were sequentially introduced after a stable baseline was obtained At least five consecutively reproducible peaks were recorded for each concentration After each study or each day of operation, the FIA system was cleaned to remove any pararosaniline film, alkylsulfonic acid colored product, or particulate matters This reduced the scattered light in the absorption cell and the staining of the tubing walls. The clean-up procedure was initiated by running distilled deionized water through the system for five minutes followed by another five minutes washing with 0 1 N nitric acid and then flushing the unit for 30 minutes with deionized water The chromotropic acid method was used for comparative studies, and the analytical procedure for the chromotropic acid method was based on the procedure recommended by the American Public Health Association (12) ... 

HPLC. " Different perfluorinated carboxylic acids have been examined as the ion-pairing agents (pH 2.5. 5) in the analyses of enriched yeast and vegetable extracts Alkylsulfonic acids have been successfully used in speciation analysis carried out on nuts, onion leaves and yeast " " Owing to their different biological activities, optical enantiomers of Se-amino acids were analyzed by several chiral separation techniques - ... 

The use of solid acid catalysts, consisting of polysiloxanes bearing alkylsulfonic acid groups, is described, in organic synthesis and in technical applications. Although sulfonated polysiloxanes have been reported in the literature and have been found to show excellent activities in comparison to conventional polystyrene based cation exchange resins, no large scale technical use has become known thus far. 

In order to increase the conversion rate, anionic detergents (2.5 wt.% relative to the catalyst solution) were added. A variety of anionic detergents, such as the sodium salts of fatty acids, alkylsulfonic acids, a-olefm sulfonates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, alkylphenol ether sulfates, alkylphosphonic acids, and salicyclic acid, however, do not show any activating effects. Additionally, anionic detergents tend to produce foams and emulsions and in many chases phase separation is made impossible. 

Beside all pollutants described above, several organic contaminants identified and monitored in rivers and groundwater remain undiscussed, because they were either only rarely detected so far or of minor environmental interest in terms of ecotoxicological aspects. Examples include e.g. N-methylpyrrolidinone, dinapthylsulfones, polychlorinated n-alkanes, alkylsulfonic acid aryl esters, hexabromobenzene and X-ray contrast media (Watanabe et al. 1986 Franke et al. 1998a Temes and Hirsch 2000 Nicholls et al. 2001 Eleadley et al. 2001 Schwarzbauer and Franke 2003b). 

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