Chloride alkali

Fig. 5. Corrosion-concentration curves for alkali chlorides were x denotes LiCl , NaCl and A, KCl (21).

Rhodium (III) chloride [10049-07-7] M 209.3, m >100°(dec), b 717°. Probable impurities are KCl and HCl. Wash solid well with small volumes of H2O to remove excess KCl and KOH and dissolve in the minimum volume of cone HCl. Evaporate to dryness on a steam bath to give wine-red coloured RhCl3.3H20. Leave on the steam bath until odour of HCl is lost - do not try to dry further as it begins to decompose above 100° to the oxide and HCL. It is not soluble in H2O but soluble in alkalis or CN solns and forms double salts with alkali chlorides. [Inorg Synth 7 214 1063.]... 

Alkaleszenz, /. alkalescence, alkali-arm, a. poor in alkali. artig, a. alka-loidal, alkaloid, -bestdndig, a. resistant to alkalies, -bildend, a. alkaligenous. Alkali-blau, n. alkali blue, -chlorid, n. alkali chloride. 

The equilibrium of metals with molten sodium hydroxide and with fused alkali chlorides " has been studied in detail. Williams, Grand and Miller studied the reaction of molten sodium hydroxide with nickel. 

Fig. 2.33 Potential difference Kbetween a redox electrode and a nickel electrode immersed in an alkali chloride melt 700°C, argon atmosphere ...

Selective removal of the less noble constituent has been demonstrated by chemical analysis in the case of nickel-rich alloys in fused caustic soda or fused fluorides ", and by etching effects and X-ray microanalysis for Fe-18Cr-8Ni steels in fused alkali chlorides. This type of excessive damage can occur with quite small total amounts of corrosion, and in this sense its effect on the mechanical properties of the alloy is comparable with the notorious effect of intercrystalline disintegration in the stainless steels. 

Lead usually has excellent resistance to seawater owing to the formation of a passive film of basic carbonate and carbonate-chloride double salts , which should be compared with its behaviour in solutions of alkali chlorides (see salts p. 4 87). 

Karlson et found, from on-site experience of cement-producing plant, that corrosion of Fe surfaces may occur in gases containing O2, SO2 and alkali chlorides such as NaCl and KCl between 300°C and 500°C. They reported that the corrosion rates may be extraordinarily high (5-10 mm/ month) implying liquid-phase corrosion. Laboratory simulation of the plant conditions demonstrated the need for both SO2 and the alkali chloride in the environment. The principle corrosion reaction was found to be ... 

Electrodes and Galvanic Cells. The Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode. The Hydrogen Electrode. Half-cells Containing an Amalgam, Electrode. Two Cells Placed Back to Back. Cells Containing Equimolal Solutions. The Alkali Chlorides as Solutes. HC1 in Methanol or Ethanol Containing a Trace of Water. The Alkali Chlorides in Methanol-Water Mixtures. The Heal of Solution of HC1. Proton Transfer Equilibrium from Measurements of E.M.F. 

The Alkali Chlorides as Solutes. In order to make a similar study of the transference of KC1, NaCl, and LiCl between water and methanol-water mixtures, the hydrogen electrode was replaced by an amalgam electrode, as described in Sec. 111. The arrangement when two cells having potassium amalgam electrodes are placed back to back may be written... 

In one of the two cells placed back to back, the solvent, as mentioned above, was pure water in each case. When the mixed solvent in the other cell contains only a small percentage of methanol, the resultant e.m.f. will obviously be small, and it should progressively increase with increasing difference between the solvents. In Fig. 61 abscissas are values of 1/e for the mixed solvent, running from 0.0126 for pure water to 0.0301 for pure methanol. Ordinates give the unitary part of the e.m.f. extrapolated to infinite dilution. It will be seen that for KC1, NaCl, and LiCl the curves differ only slightly from straight lines, but the curve for HC1 has quite a different shape. From the experimental results on the electrical conductivity depicted in Fig. 31 we expect the curve for HC1 to take this form. In Sec. 115 we shall discuss this result for HC1, and in Sec. 116 we shall return to the interpretation of the results obtained with the alkali chlorides. 

The Alkali Chlorides in Methanol-Water Mixtures. Turning to the results for KC1, NaCl, and LiCl, plotted in Fig. 61, we see that in each case the values are nearly linear with 1/t, suggesting that the results may be simply interpreted in terms of electrostatic theory. This apparent simplicity is, however, illusory. In the first place, KC1 gives greater e.m.f. s than NaCl, while LiCl gives smaller e.m.f. s whereas in Sec. 114 we deduced from (199) that the contrary should be the case. In the second place, if a simple electrostatic interpretation is to be given for the variation of AF with the composition of the solvent, a similar simple... 

Nationalite. A Brit coal mine expl of the Grisounite class (see Vol 6, G-143-L). The original composition contained AN 92 Di-and Trinitrotoluenes 8%. In order to pass the Rotherdam Test for acceptance on the permitted list, it was necessary to add alkali chlorides, resulting in the following formulations ... 

However, for work with accompanying rock, the stronger gelatin permissible with 25 to 30% NG were preferred. One of the later types of Neu-nobelits was No XVI NG 12, AN 54, woodmeal and coal 3, nitrocompounds 3, and alkali chlorides 28%. Its properties were OB to C02 +2.9%, Trauzi block expansion 225.0cc, Fb block crushing 13.0mm, vel of deton 4600m/sec, Qe 643.0cal/g, temp of expl 1828°... 

Prosperit V. An older Brit permitted expl contg AN 60, Na nitrate 5, meal 4, nitrotoluenes 6, alkali chloride 21, and NG 4%. OB to C02 +2.7% Pb block expansion 235cc Ref Naoum,NG (1928), 434... 

In 1888, Turpin prepd a series of cool expls which were permissable, by incorporating materials such as alkali chlorides, Na or K bicarbonate (up to 50% content), fluorides, acetates, oxalates, Ba carbonate. 10H2O, chromates, hyposulfites, stannic acid, boric acid, borates, etc, in the expls listed above eg, a) K chiorate 45, double salt of Ca and K acetochlorate 35, tar 18, charcoal 5, and alkali bicarbonate or oxalate I5ps b) K chlorate 15, double salt of K and Amm chlorobichromate 35 K or Na nitrate 10, tar 18, charcoal 5, and K or Na bicarbonate 15ps... 

By using a liquid with a known kinematic viscosity such as distilled water, the values of Ci and Cj can be determined. Ejima et al. have measured the viscosity of alkali chloride melts. The equations obtained, both the quadratic temperature equation and the Arrhenius equation, are given in Table 12, which shows that the equation of the Arrhenius type fits better than the quadratic equation. 

Nagashima et al. have measured the thermal diffusivity of alkali chlorides bromides, and iodidesi79 by this method. 

Electrochemical machining is performed in concentrated solntions of salts alkali chlorides, snlfates, or nitrates. Very high current densities are nsed hundreds or thousands of kA/m when referring to the surface area of the anodic working sections. At a current density of 10" mA/cm, the rate of iron dissolution is about 0.15 mm/min. This should also be the rate of advance of the cathode in the direction of the anode. High rates of solution flow through the working gap are used to eliminate the reaction products and heat evolved (e.g., flow rates of 10" cm/s). 

Organic solvent(s) Partition coefficients No data 1 g in 2,500 mL absolute alcohol 1 g in 75 mL absolute alcohol Soluble in alkali chlorides soluble in alkali (Massicot) insoluble in alcohol Soluble in fixed alkali hydroxides insoluble in alcohol... 

Reagent grade (carbamide, MeCl) and spectral grade (NH4C1) salts and dried argon were used in the study. The salts were predried in vacuum at 80°C (carbamide, ammonium chloride) and 200 to 300°C (alkali chlorides). 

Cleavage and fracture fragments of the mineral and glass phases were reacted separately at 25°, 50°, and 100°C. In order to produce levels measurable by XrS, lxlO 1 molar alkali chloride solutions were required. After reaction, these samples were washed with deionized water and stored in a vacuum dessicator. 

In the laboratory experiments of Seyfried et al. (1998), naturally altered sea floor basalt (5 Li = +7.4) was reacted with Li-free alkali-chloride aqueous fluid at 350°C for 890 hours (initial fluid/solid mass ratio 2). Samples of the fluid were taken throughout the experiment, and showed initial rapid influx of isotopically heavy-enriched Li released by early-dissolving alteration minerals. However, with progressive reaction, isotopic composition of the fluid decreased and Li concentration reaehed apparent steady state. Although an equilibrium model applies best to the synthetic results, Rayleigh distillation was considered most likely to apply in hydrothermal reactions occurring in nature. 

Sunner, J. Role of Ion-Ion Recombination for Alkali Chloride Cluster Formation in Liquid Secondary lon-MS. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993,4,410-418. 

Light yellow hexagonal crystals or powder darkens on exposure to hght density 5.68 g/cm melts at 558°C vaporizes at 1,506°C insoluble in water, most acids and ammonium carbonate solution moderately soluble in concentrated solutions of alkali chloride, bromide, and thiosulfate readily soluble in solutions of alkali cyanides, iodides and in hot concentrated hydriodic acid. 

White crystalline powder orthorhombic crystals refractive index 1.622 hardness 3.3 Mohs density 3.96 g/cm melts at 1,605°C very slightly soluble in water 0.014 g/lOOmL at 30°C soluble in alkali chloride solutions shghtly soluble in alcohol insoluble in alkalis. 

Metallic uranium can be prepared from its oxides or hahdes by reduction at high temperature. Uranium dioxide, UO2, or other oxides such as UO3 or UsOs may be reduced to uranium metal by heating with carbon, calcium or aluminum at high temperatures. Similarly, uranium tetrafluoride or other halides can be reduced to metal by heating with sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium at high temperatures. Alternatively, uranium tetrafluoride mixed with fused alkali chlorides is electrolyzed to generate uranium metal. 

Rocket propulsion oxidizers, 18 384-385 Rocks, weathering of, radiation and, 3 299 Rocksalt, crystal structure of, 2 6, 29 Rock-salt-type alkali halide crystals, dissolution process, 39 411 19 alkali chlorides, 39 413, 416 alkali fluorides, 39 413-415... 

Bi2Sr2Ca Cu1+n 06+ 2n 10, 85, 115 Eutectic melt Flux - alkali chloride Float Zone 41 42 25,26... 

Figure 9 Photograph of Bi2 r2Ca08Cu208+g crystals grown from alkali chloride fluxes (42).

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