Structure, human

FIGURE 12.31 A model for chromosome structure, human chromosome 4. The 2-um DNA helix is wound twice around histone octamers to form 10-um uucleosomes, each of which contains 160 bp (80 per turn). These uucleosomes are then wound in solenoid fashion with six uucleosomes per turn to form a 30-nm filament. In this model, the 30-nm filament forms long DNA loops, each containing about 60,000 bp, which are attached at their base to the nuclear matrix. Eighteen of these loops are then wound radially around the circumference of a single turn to form a miniband unit of a chromosome. Approximately 10 of these minibands occur in each chromatid of human chromosome 4 at mitosis. 

Figure A2.10 Protein structure human deoxyhemoglobin. Source Protein Data Bank,PDB ID lA3N.Tame J, Vallone B. http //www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi job= graphics pdbId=lA3N page=0 opt=show size=250 [accessed April 16, 2003]. Used with permission.)...

Liver toxicity related to 1,2-dibromoethane depends on the metabolic pathway utilized and the amount of damage induced in cellular protein and membrane structures. Humans exposed to low levels of 1,2-dibromoethane are at potential risk of having toxic events occurring within hepatocytes whether these effects will be subcellular or result in cell necrosis may depend on internal dose and a variety of factors. Liver damage that is severe enough to cause clinical disease in humans from low-level exposure is unlikely. 

In contrast to most of the vitamins encountered so far, here we have simple structures. Humans are able to synthesize these molecules from the amino acid tryptophan but not in quantities adequate to meet physiological needs. Consequently, we need to find adequate amounts in our diet. The UL for niacin is 35 mg/day for adult men and women. 

In addition to these structures, human neutrophils also contain eight to twelve gangliosides and a few species of glycosphingolipids with more than four saccharide units. Purification and structural analyses are currently underway in our laboratory. 

Lai, P.M., and M.S. Roberts. 1999. An analysis of solute structure-human epidermal transport relationships in epidermal iontophoresis using the ionic mobility Pore model. J Control Release 58 323. 

Fig. 5 Top view of a representative G-quadruplex X-ray crystal structure (human telomeric DNA PDB ID 1KF1 [7]. Guanosine bases forming tetrads are at the center of the structure in this view...

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion somnolence, hemorrhage, changes in teeth and supporting structures. Human mutation data reported. An experimental teratogen. An FDA proprietary drug used as an anticonvulsant. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fiimes of NOx. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human and experimental teratogenic and experimental reproductive effects. Human reproductive effects by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravaginal, and intraplacental routes postpartum depression and other maternal effects, abortion, and changes in measures of fertility. Human teratogenic effects by intraplacental route extra embryonic structures. Human systemic effects by intravenous route hypermotiUty, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. 

Figure 15.24. Human Growth Hormoue Structure. Human growth hormone forms a four-helix bundle.

In addition to an apparently low thermal stability, FGF appears to face additional problems in maintaining its native, functional structure. Human aFGF contains three cysteine residues and the related basic FGF (bFGF) contains four cysteines. These residues are present in the active protein as free cysteine residues and oxidation, to form either inter- or intra-chain disulfide bonds, has been demonstrated to inactivate the protein... 

Primary structure human albumin is a single polypeptide chain of 585 amino acids and contains seven disulfide bridges. Secondary structure human albumin is known to have a secondary structure that is about 55% a-helix. The remaining 45% is believed to be divided among turns, disordered, and P structures. 

Structure (human) 428 amino acids 447 amino acids... 

Fgenes-M/Prediction of alternative gene structures (Human)... 

Figure A2.10 Protein structure Human deoxyhemoglobin. Source Reprinted with permission from Protein Data Bank, PDB ID 1A3N, J. Tame, B. Vallone, http //www.rcsb.ora/pdb/cai/exDlore.cai iob=graphics Ddbld=1A3N Daqe=0 opt =show size=...

The basic unit of a living organism is the cell. In the human, each tissue is composed of similar cell types, which differ from those in other tissues. The diversity of cell types serves the function of the tissue and organs in which they reside, and each cell type has unique structural features that reflect its role. In spite of their diversity in structure, human cell types have certain architectural features in common, such as the plasma membrane, membranes around the nucleus and organelles, and a cytoskeleton (Fig. 10.1). In this chapter, we review some of the chemical characteristics of these common features, the functions of organelles, and the transport systems for compounds into cells and between organelles. 

To improve task structure, human-machine interfece, and task allocation. 

Organizational Change—technology, tasks, structure, human-social, environment, goals (Lrench Bell, 1984). 

When scientists examine the primary structures of proteins that carry out the same function in different organisms, they can correlate the number of amino acid differences in the proteins to the closeness of the taxonomic relationship between the species. For exarr5)le, c)h ochrome c, a protein that transfers electrons in biological oxidations, has about 100 amino acids. Yeast cytochrome c differs by 48 amino acids from horse cytochrome c, whereas duck cytochrome c differs by only two amino acids from chicken cytochrome c. Ducks and chickens, therefore, have a much closer taxonomic relationship than horses and yeast. Likewise, the cytochrome c in chickens and turkeys have identical primary structures. Human cytochrome c and chimpanzee cytochrome c are also identical and differ by one amino acid from the C54ochrome c of the rhesus monkey. 

This model has proved to be a useful tool, both in structuring human factors training and in analyzing the requirements of legislation and the current status of organizations (Konstantinos et al., 2011). The model is used in this research to structure the analysis of the factors considered in Human Reliability Analysis tools. 

A concept that we have found useful was adapted from an organizational model developed by French and BeU. The model s components consist of Goals, Structure, Human-Social, Technology, Task, and Environment (French BeU, 1984). The foUowing provides a description on how this concept can provide a framework for better JHA structure. 

---