Factors to be considered

This section lists some common factors involved in adhesive selection. 

To design piles for lateral soil movement, the following factors need to be considered  

Soil movement is the cause of the problem. It will occur when there is unsymmetrical load applied to the soil, or in an unstable slope, or loss of ground support during excavation. To analyse the problem, profile and magnitude of the soil movement have to be defined. 

Relevant pile properties required for analysis of the problem are  

Response of pile subjected to lateral soil movement will vary with different pile head condition. Therefore pile head condition has to be assessed and defined in design. Pile head condition can be one of the following  

H pile (305 X 305 X 283 kg/m) is subjected to a uniform soil movement to a depth of 12 m. All parameters of the problem are the same except its pile head condition. The problem was analysed using a computer software (ALP 1991). Computed pile displacement and bending moment (BM) are shown in the figures. 

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However, there are many other factors to be considered in the choice of reaction path. Some are commercial, such as uncertainties regarding future prices of raw materials and b3q)roducts. Others are technical, such as safety and energy consumption. 

The problem with this approach is obvious. It involves a considerable amount of work to generate a measure of the quality of the sequence, the total vapor load, which is only a guideline. There are many other factors to be considered. Indeed, as we shall see later, when variables such as reactor conversion are optimized, the sequence might well need readdressing. 

Consideration of the orientation of substitution Orientation is an important factor to be considered in recognising both changes in the effective electrophile and in the nature of the aromatic substrate. Cases of the former type, which will be met at several places... 

The amount of land required varies as well, not only as a function of the amount of production that is anticipated, but also on the type of culture system that is used. It may take several hectares of static culture ponds to produce the same biomass of animals as one modest size raceway through which large volumes of water are constantly flowed. Constmction costs vary from one location to another. Local labor and fuel costs must be factored into the equation. The experience of contractors in building aquaculture facihties is another factor to be considered. 

Another factor to be considered is the fraction of cmde that can be obtained from a reservoir. The average primary recovery from a reservoir was about 25—30% of the cmde oil in place in 1993. 

The first factor to be considered when looking at the plasticization of a polymer is the need even though some polymers may be compatible with large concentrations of plasticizer, the resultant softening benefits maybe ofHtde use. Other factors are short- and long-term compatibiUty, ie, the abiUty of a polymer to accept and retain the plasticizer. 

Often poly(ethylene glycol)s or derivatives thereof can be used instead of crowns or onium salts advantageously, although their catalytic activity frequently tends to be somewhat lower. The possible toxicity of crowns and cryptands and the price difference between these compounds and onium salts (100 1 to 10 1) are other important factors to be considered. Thus (1) [17455-13-9] (2) [14187-32-7] and (3) [16069-36-6] and cryptands are used more often in laboratory work, whereas onium salts are more important for industrial processes. 

For commercial appHcation, catalyst activity is only one of the factors to be considered. Equally important is catalyst life, but Htde has been pubHshed on this aspect. Partly because of entrainment losses and partly through loss of acid as volatile triethyl phosphate, the catalyst loses activity unless compensating steps are taken. This decline in activity can be counteracted by the periodic or continuous addition of phosphoric acid to the catalyst during use, a fact that seems to have been disclosed as early as 1940 (94). A catalyst subjected periodically to acid addition could remain in service indefinitely, according to a report by Shell (91). A later Shell patent (85) states that complete reimpregnation with acid is required every 200 mn-days. 

Sindlady, heating surface area needs are not direcdy proportional to the number of effects used. For some types of evaporator, heat-transfer coefficients decline with temperature difference as effects are added the surface needed in each effect increases. On the other hand, heat-transfer coefficients increase with temperature level. In a single effect, all evaporation takes place at a temperature near that of the heat sink, whereas in a double effect half the evaporation takes place at this temperature and the other half at a higher temperature, thereby improving the mean evaporating temperature. Other factors to be considered are the BPR, which is additive in a multiple-effect evaporator and therefore reduces the net AT available for heat transfer as the number of effects is increased, and the reduced demand for steam and cooling water and hence the capital costs of these auxiUaries as the number of effects is increased. 

In the absence of a rislc allowance the cost of capital becomes a technical financial computation based on sources of funds and company policy. As such it will usually be presented as a figure specified For use in a particular appraisal and is therefore of little concern to the projec t assessor. However, the following resume indicates the lands of Factors to be considered. 

Compressor Selection To select the most satisfactoiy compression equipment, engineers must consider a wide variety of types, each of which offers peculiar advantages for particular applications. Among the major factors to be considered are flow rate, head or pressure, temperature hmitations, method of seahng, method of lubrication, power consumption, serviceability, and cost. 

Factors to be considered in maldng the selection of chromatography processing steps are cost, sample volume, protein concentration and sample viscosity, degree of purity of protein product, presence of nucleic acids, pyrogens, and proteolytic enzymes. Ease with which different types of adsorbents can be washed free from adsorbed contaminants and denatured proteins must also be considered. 

The glass transition temperature of a random copolymer usually falls between those of the corresponding homopolymers since the copolymers will tend to have intermediate chain stiffness and interchain attraction. Where these are the only important factors to be considered a linear relationship between Tg and copolymer composition is both reasonable to postulate and experimentally verifiable. One form of this relationship is given by the equation... 

The first requirement must be to specify carefully the operational requirements of the item to be produced and of the material(s) to be used in its construction. This is seldom easy and is usually the most difficult part of the selection process. The most common factors to be considered are ... 

There are many factors to be considered in selecting the type of Powerformer to use. It largely depends on the local situation and includes such things as feed stock, octane level, the value of gasoline yield, the use for by-product hydrogen, plant size, etc. While we can not completely generalize, we can mention some of the more important considerations. 

The risk inventory or risk evaluation is die ne. t part of die hazard survey. It is not practical to expect the plan to cover every potential accident. When die hazards liave been evaluated, die plan should be focused on die most significant ones. This risk assessment stage requires die technical expertise of many people to compare die pieces of data and detennine die relevance of each. Among die important factors to be considered in performing die risk evaluation are die following ... 

Important factors to be considered in the study of areas and sites for plant location include raw materials, transportation, process water, waste disposal, fuel and power, and weather. These are discussed individually. 

List the important factors to be considered in plant siting and layout. 

Social Factors. The personalities of co-w orkers and supervisors arc also factors to be considered when evaluating Uie workplace. The liigher Uie employee morale, Uie lower Uie potcnUal for accidents. Another factor is Uie relationship of one job to another, and wheUier Uie job requires Uie coordinating of information, materials, and human effort. 

The factors that will be discussed are often overlooked or misunderstood when applying chain. Other factors to be considered are found in chain manufacturers catalogs along with chain sizes, sprocket types, and engineering examples. 

A further factor to be considered is that of the national energy situation. Fortunately, in the short term there are available sufficient reserves of gas, oil and coal to meet the national need, so supplies should not be a problem. However, the prices of these fuels are subject to international as well as national policies. Currently, there is a relationship between heavy fuel oil and coal and between gas and gas oil (see Section 30.2). In the long term, as supplies of oil and gas are reduced it is likely that increases in the price of gas will outstrip those of oil. 

The main consideration in the selection of a compressor plant is the production of an adequate supply of compressed air at the lowest cost consistent with reliable service. The installation of a compressed air system, as with all forms of power transmission, calls for capital investment with consequent operating and maintenance costs. The information on which the selection of plant is based should be as accurate as possible. Important factors to be considered are the following. 

When selecting a lubricant, both the temperature at the contact area and the ambient temperature at important factors to be considered. Measuring the peak contact temperature is very difficult. The maximum rise in temperature of the oil leaving the gears and the maximum oil temperature are specified for various types of gears. For spur, bevel, helical and spiral level gears, the temperature rise should not normally exceed 30°C (86°F) with a maximum oil temperature of70°C (158°F). 

For other environments, such as in sea-water or in chemical plants, exposure conditions that most nearly duplicate those of the related service and are at the same time reproducible, are used. Impingement by water or water carrying entrained solids, thermal effects and physical abuse are among the factors to be considered. 

The selection of inspection points is of paramount importance, and factors to be considered have been outlined by Abramchuk as follows ... 

Oil and gas streams require additional consideration regarding the phase to be monitored, i.e. water or oil stream, which in turn, will depend on the objectives of the monitoring, i.e. metal loss and/or optimisation of corrosion inhibitor addition. Factors to be considered are ... 

The details of such an approach will vary considerably, and the following guidelines should be taken as an indication of the factors to be considered, rather than as an exhaustive list ... 

Filtration is another possibility to remove the cells from the amino add containing broth. Factors to be considered are ... 

Size is the next factor to be considered. A product has to fit its function within the confines of the space in which it is used. Continuing with the example of the shelf, it is obvious that we must know the length of the shelf, either by deciding how many books it will hold or by stating the size of the supporting rack that will be used. The size can then be decided either by burden or by space... 

Film and sheet can, in principal, be made by calendering or by extrusion. Factors that govern the advantages and disadvantages (limitations) of each process can interact in a complex way. Factors to be considered include (1) type of material to be processed, (2) quantity of product to be produced, (3) thickness... 

From these examples, it can be seen there are a great many factors to be considered in producing a satisfactory degree of package/product compatibility for a given product and consumer group. 

A third factor to be considered in this triangular competition (internal deactivation, back electron transfer, chemical reaction) is the possibility of an unfavored chemical reaction followed by the initiation of a long chain39,40. 

Effect of UV on Productivity of the Southern Ocean. Has ozone depletion over Antarctica affected the productivity of the Southern Ocean There is no easy answer. First, one has to take into account the fact that the drastic decrease of ozone over Antarctica has been reported as recently as 1976, a relatively short time in the evolution of the organisms to develop mechanisms to cope with elevated UV. One of the most vexing problems in studying the effects of UV radiation on productivity, is a dearth of historical data on the level of UV. Without these baselines, normal fluctuations could easily be interpreted as decline in productivity. Second, there is a host of biotic and abiotic factors that play significant roles in governing the productivity of the Southern Ocean (40). Ultraviolet radiation is but one more complicating factor to be considered in an already stressful environment. 

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