Proprietary drugs

During the last 160 years, many trivial names have been used for pyrimidine and its derivatives. Some, like uracil, persist but others have now fallen out of use, save for the occasional biochemical or biological paper. Table 1 embraces most such names WHO non-proprietary drug names, trade or proprietary names, and names of some natural products discussed in this chapter are not included because they are readily available elsewhere (B-76MI21303). 

As aromatic compounds have been exhausted as building blocks for life science products, A-heterocyclic structures prevail nowadays. They are found in many natural products, such as chlorophyll hemoglobin and the vitamins biotin (H), folic acid, niacin (PP), pyridoxine HCl (Be), riboflavine (B2), and thiamine (Bi). In life sciences 9 of the top 10 proprietary drugs and 5 of the top 10 agrochemicals contain A-heterocycIic moieties (see Tables 11.4 and 11.7). Even modern pigments, such as diphenylpyrazolopyrazoles, quinacri-dones, and engineering plastics, such as polybenzimidazoles, polyimides, and triazine resins, exhibit an A-heterocydic structure. 

Pharmaceutical fine chemicals (PFCs) account for more than two-thirds of the total value of fine chemicals. The figure of 55 billion for the PFCs has been derived from the 550 billion turnover for formulated pharmaceuticals, as published periodically by IMS Health (see Appendix A.l). An average percentage of 10% (8% for proprietary drugs, 15-20% for generics) has been applied for the PFCs share (see also Table 9.3). Out of the total PFC value... 

Global sales of proprietary drugs were 505 billion in 2005, or more than 90% of the total pharma market. With a share of 45%, the United States has by far the single largest market. Global sales of generics were about 45 billion in 2005 (except China and India), or less than 10% of the total pharma market. Obviously, the difference in production volumes is smaller. 

Within the 120 billion worth of proprietary drugs that face patent expiry, there is also 20 billion worth of biopharmaceuticals (e.g., epoetin and insulin). Biogenerics produced in living celllines have not played a role so far, mainly because an unambiguous regulatory framework has not been established yet in the United States. 

Similar business types custom manufacturing of proprietary drugs,... 

Obligation of physicians to prescribe generic equivalents to proprietary drugs after patent expiration. 

Within the 120 top 200 proprietary drugs that face patent expiry, there is also 20 billion worth of biopharmaceuticals. Blockbuster biopharmaceu-... 

Note. 2005 sales of proprietary drugs loosing patent protection during the 2007-2012 period Sources MedAdNews 39-42 (June 2006) FDA Electronic Orange Book. 

Mansfield studied three industrial laboratories, one chemicals and two proprietary drug. He found that 40 percent of the R D projects that were begun were not technically completed of those that were technically completed, 45 percent were not commercialized, presumably because of poor commercial prospects and of those that were commercialized, 60 percent did not earn an economic profit value that is defined as a return exceeding that available from alternate uses of funds.(17) Thus the probability that a given project, once started, would be technically successful, commercialized, and profitable was 0.6 x 0.55 x 0.4 = 0.13.)... 

Pantoprazole has also been identified under the proprietary drug codes of BY-1023 and SKF-96022... 

Modeling of Interactions between Proprietary Drug-like Compounds and Proprietary Proteins ... 

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